{"product_id":"a-practical-guide-to-cluster-randomised-trials-in-health-services-research-isbn-9780470510476","title":"A Practical Guide to Cluster Randomised Trials in Health Services Research","description":"Cluster randomised trials are trials in which groups (or clusters) of individuals are randomly allocated to different forms of treatment. In health care, these trials often compare different ways of managing a disease or promoting healthy living, in contrast to conventional randomised trials which randomise individuals to different treatments, classically comparing new drugs with a placebo. They are increasingly common in health services research. This book addresses the statistical, practical, and ethical issues arising from allocating groups of individuals, or clusters, to different interventions.  \u003cp\u003e Key features: \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e \u003cli\u003eGuides readers through the stages of conducting a trial, from recruitment to reporting.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePresents a wide range of examples with particular emphasis on trials in health services research and primary care, with both principles and techniques explained.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTopics are specifically presented in the order in which investigators think about issues when they are designing a trial.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCombines information on the latest developments in the field together with a practical guide to the design and implementation of cluster randomised trials.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplains principles and techniques through numerous examples including many from the authors own experience.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes a wide range of references for those who wish to read further. \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book is intended as a practical guide, written for researchers from the health professions including doctors, psychologists, and allied health professionals, as well as statisticians involved in the design, execution, analysis and reporting of cluster randomised trials. Those with a more general interest will find the plentiful examples illuminating.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cb\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNotation xv\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of cases: Trials used as examples in more than one chapter in the book xviii\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction to randomised trials 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Explanatory or pragmatic trials 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 How does a cluster randomised trial differ from other trials? 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Between-cluster variability 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Why carry out cluster randomised trials? 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Quality of evidence from cluster randomised trials 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Historical perspectives 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Summary 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Recruitment and ethics 22\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Selecting clusters and participants to enhance external validity 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Ethics of cluster randomised trials 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Selection and recruitment of participants to enhance internal validity 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Retention of participants in the trial 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Summary 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Designing interventions 44\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Lack of effectiveness of interventions evaluated in cluster randomised trials 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 What is a complex intervention? 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Phases in the development of a complex intervention 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Identifying evidence for potential intervention effect (pre-clinical phase) 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Understanding more about intervention components (modelling phase) 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Developing the optimum intervention and study design (exploratory trial phase) 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 What is the intervention? 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Summary 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Pilot and feasibility studies 60\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 What is a pilot study? 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Reasons for conducting pilot and feasibility studies 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Designing a pilot or feasibility study 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Reporting and interpreting pilot studies 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Summary 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Design 74\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Parallel designs with only two arms 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Cohort versus cross-sectional designs 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Parallel designs with more than two arms 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Crossover designs 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Further design considerations 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Summary 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Analysis 99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Data collection and management 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Analysis – an introduction 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Analyses for two-arm, completely randomised, stratified or minimised designs 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Analyses for other designs 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Intention to treat and missing values 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Analysis planning 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Summary 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Sample size calculations 137\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Factors affecting sample size for cluster randomised designs 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Calculating sample size using the intra-cluster correlation coeffi cient 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Sample size calculations for rates 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Restricted number of clusters 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Trials with a small number of clusters 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Variability in cluster size 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Comparison of different measures of between-cluster variability 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Matched and stratifi ed designs 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Sample size for other designs 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Summary 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 The intra-cluster correlation coeffi cient 172\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 What is the ICC? 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Sources of ICC estimates 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Choosing the ICC for use in sample size calculations 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Calculating ICC values 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Uncertainty in ICCs 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Summary 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Other topics 196\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRichard Grieve\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Systematic reviews 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Cost effectiveness analyses 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Process evaluation 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Monitoring 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Summary 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Trial reporting 218\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Trial quality and reporting quality 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Steps to improve trial reporting in the early stages of the trial 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Reporting randomised trials in journal and conference abstracts 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Application of CONSORT statement to cluster randomised trials 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Summary 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIndex 267\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e“There are several unique strengths to this book. In particular the authors are very experienced statisticians having worked for many years in the design and analysis of cluster randomized trials and have written excellent methodological articles many of which are cited in their book.”  (\u003ci\u003eJournal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics\u003c\/i\u003e, 2012)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cb\u003eSandra Eldridge – Senior Lecturer, Medical Statistics, Queen Mary, University of London, UK\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eDr Eldridge is well experienced in designing and analyzing high quality cluster randomized trials, having worked on ten such trials since the mid 1990s. An award-winning speaker on randomized trials, Dr Eldridge has given numerous presentations in many settings and conferences over the last seven years.  Cluster randomisedtrials are trials in which groups (or clusters) of individuals are randomly allocated to different forms of treatment. In health care, these trials often compare different ways of managing a disease or promoting healthy living, in contrast to conventional randomised trials which randomise individuals to different treatments, classically comparing new drugs with a placebo. They are increasingly common in health services research. This book addresses the statistical, practical, and ethical issues arising from allocating groups of individuals, or clusters, to different interventions.  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKey features:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e \u003cli\u003eGuides readers through the stages of conducting a trial, from recruitment to reporting.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePresents a wide range of examples with particular emphasis on trials in health services research and primary care, with both principles and techniques explained.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTopics are specifically presented in the order in which investigators think about issues when they are designing a trial.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCombines information on the latest developments in the field together with a practical guide to the design and implementation of cluster randomised trials.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplains principles and techniques through numerous examples including many from the authors own experience.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes a wide range of references for those who wish to read further.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book is intended as a practical guide, written for researchers from the health professions including doctors, psychologists, and allied health professionals, as well as statisticians involved in the design, execution, analysis and reporting of cluster randomised trials. Those with a more general interest will find the plentiful examples illuminating.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988641562853,"sku":"NP9780470510476","price":101.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470510476.jpg?v=1761781083","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/a-practical-guide-to-cluster-randomised-trials-in-health-services-research-isbn-9780470510476","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}