{"product_id":"a-guide-to-noise-in-microwave-circuits-isbn-9781119859369","title":"A Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits","description":"\u003cb\u003eA GUIDE TO NOISE IN MICROWAVE CIRCUITS\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA fulsome exploration of critical considerations in microwave circuit noise\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eA Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits: Devices, Circuits, and Measurement,\u003c\/i\u003e a team of distinguished researchers deliver a comprehensive introduction to noise in microwave circuits, with a strong focus on noise characterization of devices and circuits. The book describes fluctuations beginning with their physical origin and touches on the general description of noise in linear and non-linear circuits. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral chapters are devoted to the description of noise measurement ­techniques and the interpretation of measured data. A full chapter is dedicated to noise sources as well, including thermal, shot, plasma, and current. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eA Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits\u003c\/i\u003e offers examples of measurement problems—like low noise block (LNB) of satellite television – and explores equipment and measurement methods, like the Y, cold source, and 7-state method. This book also includes: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to foundational terms in microwave circuit noise, including average values, amplitude distribution, autocorrelation, cross-correlation, and noise spectra\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of common noise sources, including thermal noise, the Nyquist formula and thermal radiation, shot noise, plasma noise, and more\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of noise and linear networks, including narrowband noise\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examinations of calculation methods for noise quantities, including noise voltages, currents, and spectra, the noise correlation matrix, and the noise of simple passive networks\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for graduate students specializing in microwave and wireless electronics, \u003ci\u003eA Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits: Devices, Circuits, and Measurement\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of professional engineers working in microwave or wireless circuits and system design. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor Biographies xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreliminary Remarks 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Basic Terms 9\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Values 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmplitude Distribution 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutocorrelation 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-Correlation 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Spectra 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutocorrelation Function and Spectral Power Density 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBand-Limited Noise on the Spectrum Analyzer 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Noise Sources 23\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Noise 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNyquist Formula and Thermal Radiation 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValidity and Experimental Confirmation of the Nyquist Formula 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Noise Under Extreme Conditions 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShot Noise 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasma Noise 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent Noise of Resistors and Contacts 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnical Resistors 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistors Consisting of Semiconductor Material 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact Noise 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneration–Recombination Noise 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLF Noise from Transistors 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Noise and Linear Networks 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNarrowband Noise 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculating with Phasors 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Source with Complex Internal Resistance 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Equivalent Noise Bandwidth 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork Components at Different Temperatures 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Generator and Attenuator 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Nonlinear Networks 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixing 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBand-Limited RF Noise at Input 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmplitude Clipping 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Detector as a Nonlinear Network 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Noise Spectrum Behind a Quadratic Detector 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Noise Spectrum Behind a Linear Detector 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sensitivity Limit 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise with Signal 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Phase Sensitive Rectifier 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrace Averaging 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 The Noise Factor 79\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmplifier and Noise Power 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Noise Factor F 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCascaded Amplifiers 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Noise measure m 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinitions of Gain 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource and Load 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroadband and Spot Noise Factor 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Factor of a Passive Network 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntenna Temperature 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Reference Temperature T 0 = 290 K 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Factor and Detection Limit 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Noise of Linear Two-Ports 101\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepresentation of Two-Ports 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Modeling Using the Chain Matrix 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Calculation Methods for Noise Quantities 109\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Voltages, Currents, and Spectra 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculating with Current, Voltage, and Noise Waves 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Noise Correlation Matrix 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Correlation Matrix of Passive Components 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Noise of Simple Passive Networks 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransformation of Noise Sources in Different Network Representations 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Matrix and IEEE Elements 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFET-Like Network with the Y-Correlation Matrix 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Sources at Input with ABCD Correlation Matrix 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Diodes and Bipolar Transistors 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemiconductor Diode 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBipolar Transistor 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall-Signal Equivalent Circuit 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHawkins BJT Noise Model 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo Approaches for the Collector Noise Current Source 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBJT Noise Model with Correlation Matrices 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Π-Model 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe T-Model with Correlation Matrices 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransformation of the Y-Sources to the Input 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModeling of a Microwave Transistor with Correlation Matrices 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimplest Π-Model 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContour Diagram 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransistor in the Circuit 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing the Contour Diagram 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Operational Amplifier 187\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperational Amplifier as Circuit Element 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Sources of the Operational Amplifier 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsideration of 1\/f Noise 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperational Amplifier as an Active Low-Pass Filter 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Field Effect Transistors 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJfet 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMode of Operation of the FET 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Channel Noise 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoiseSourcesattheGate 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Correlation 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransformation to the Input 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple Approximations 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField Effect Transistors for the Microwave Range (MESFET, HFET) 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pucel Model 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pospieszalski model 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion of the Results 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriteria for Noise Data 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Theory of Noise Measurement 231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurements of Two-Ports 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Equivalent Noise Resistance 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVoltage and Current Source 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVoltage and Current Source with Correlation 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 dB and Y-Method 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Basics of Measuring Technique 245\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples of the RF-Receiver 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Detection Limit 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiode as RF Receiver (Video Detector) 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRF and Microwave Range Receiver 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDicke Radiometer 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Radiometer in the Microwave Range 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork Analyzer as a Noise Measurement Device 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Equipment and Measurement Methods 267\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Measurement Receiver 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpectrum Analyzer 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Y-Method 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurements in the Microwave Range 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelection Criteria of the Mixer 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImage Rejection 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete Noise Characterization 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Multi-impedance Measurements 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCold Source Method 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 7-State Method 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn-Wafer Measurement of Cold Source 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn-Wafer with Noise Generator According to the Y-method 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Noise Generators 299\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVacuum Diode 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas Discharge 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemiconductor Diodes 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcess Noise Ratio (ENR) 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHot–Cold Sources 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Impedance Tuners 309\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpedance Transformation with Simple Methods 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Components for the Microwave Range 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic Components 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecision Automatic Tuner 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttenuation of the Tuner 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Examples of Measurement Problems 319\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransistor in a Test Fixture 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Low Noise Block (LNB) of Satellite Television 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVerification of a Noise Measurement 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Measurement and Modeling of Low-Frequency Noise 329\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Radiometer for Low Frequencies (f \u0026lt; 10 MHz) 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Low-Frequency Noise of Transistors 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement Setup for LF Noise 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamples of LF Noise Measurements on GaAs-HBT 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModeling of LF Noise 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Noise of the Microphone 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Measurement Accuracy and Sources of Error 345\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccuracy of Measured Data 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eError of Measurements 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInaccuracies of the Noise Measurement 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUncertainty of the ENR Calibration 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Source Mismatch 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c\/sub\u003e = 290 K Is not T\u003csub\u003eOFF\u003c\/sub\u003e 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMismatch in the System 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinearity of the Receiver 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Phase Noise 359\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasics 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReciprocal Mixing 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription of Phase Noise 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpectral Power Density of Phase Fluctuations S\u003csub\u003eφ\u003c\/sub\u003e (f) 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Single Sideband Phase Noise L(f) 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpectral Power Density of Frequency Fluctuations S\u003csub\u003eΔf \u003c\/sub\u003e(f) 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcursus on Frequency and Phase Modulation 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Allan Variance σ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003csub\u003eY\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e (τ) 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual FM 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiplication and Division 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmplitude Noise 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase Noise and Jitter 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Physics of the Oscillator 377\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOscillation Condition [1] 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple Model of the Phase Disturbance [2] 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase Slope, Resonator Quality, and Frequency Stability [3] 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Formula of Leeson [4] 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents of Oscillators 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of the Varactor Diode 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpward Mixing of LF Noise 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Influence of Microwave Noise on Phase Noise 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Phase Noise Measurement 399\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Parameters 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpectrum Analyzer 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase Detector Method 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sensitivity of the Phase Detector 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Calibration and Measurement 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeeping the Quadrature by a PLL 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelay Line as Frequency Discriminator 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sensitivity of the Delay-Line Method 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration and Calibration 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResonator as Frequency Discriminator 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetection Limit 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of Measurement Systems 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-Correlation Technique 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmplitude Noise 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems with On-Wafer Measurement 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual Phase Noise 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Signals and Deterministic Signals 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom Signals 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic Values 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Probability Density Function 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Sine Function 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Sawtooth Voltage 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample White Noise 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Sinusoidal Signal with Noise 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Narrowband Noise 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Autocorrelation Function 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Sine 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Sawtooth 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Noisy Sine 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample White Noise 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Low-Pass Noise 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Bandpass Noise 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFourier Series 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSine–Cosine Spectrum 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmplitude–Phase Spectrum 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplex Fourier Series 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fourier Integral 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy and Power Signals 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Transient Time Function 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Parseval Equation 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Voltage Pulse 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFourier Transform and Power Spectral Density 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample Rectangular Pulse 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime-Limited Noise Signal 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample of a Time-Limited Wave Train 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Wiener–Khinchin Theorem 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross Correlation 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample of Two Sine Functions 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample of Two White Noise Signals 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample of Two Bandpass Noise Signals 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample White Noise and Bandpass Noise 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-Correlation After Splitting into Two Branches 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePower Spectral Density Real and Complex 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cross-Spectral Density 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplex Representation of the Cross-Spectral Density 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransmission of Noise by Networks 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary of Symbols 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr. Peter Heymann,\u003c\/b\u003e retired, was the Head of the Microwave Measurement Laboratory at the Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Leibniz-Institute for High Frequency Technology in Berlin, Germany.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr. Matthias Rudolph,\u003c\/b\u003e is Ulrich L. Rohde Professor for RF and Microwave Techniques at Brandenburg University of Technology in Cottbus, Germany. He heads the Low-Noise components laboratory at the FBH.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA fulsome exploration of critical considerations in microwave circuit noise\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eA Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits: Devices, Circuits, and Measurement,\u003c\/i\u003e a team of distinguished researchers deliver a comprehensive introduction to noise in microwave circuits, with a strong focus on noise characterization of devices and circuits. The book describes fluctuations beginning with their physical origin and touches on the general description of noise in linear and non-linear circuits. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral chapters are devoted to the description of noise measurement ­techniques and the interpretation of measured data. A full chapter is dedicated to noise sources as well, including thermal, shot, plasma, and current. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eA Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits\u003c\/i\u003e offers examples of measurement problems—like low noise block (LNB) of satellite television – and explores equipment and measurement methods, like the Y, cold source, and 7-state method. This book also includes: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to foundational terms in microwave circuit noise, including average values, amplitude distribution, autocorrelation, cross-correlation, and noise spectra\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of common noise sources, including thermal noise, the Nyquist formula and thermal radiation, shot noise, plasma noise, and more\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of noise and linear networks, including narrowband noise\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examinations of calculation methods for noise quantities, including noise voltages, currents, and spectra, the noise correlation matrix, and the noise of simple passive networks\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for graduate students specializing in microwave and wireless electronics, \u003ci\u003eA Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits: Devices, Circuits, and Measurement\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of professional engineers working in microwave or wireless circuits and system design.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-IEEE Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988629766373,"sku":"NP9781119859369","price":134.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119859369.jpg?v=1761781042","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/products\/a-guide-to-noise-in-microwave-circuits-isbn-9781119859369","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}