{"product_id":"visualizing-microbiology-isbn-9781119592679","title":"Visualizing Microbiology","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe second edition of \u003ci\u003eVisualizing Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e contains a completely redesigned TOC and the most current coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic. This text is ideal for introductory microbiology courses for non-majors and pre-allied health students. \u003ci\u003eVisualizing Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e brings the narrative to life with an applied clinical focus, helping students see and understand the unseen in the world of microbiology. The unique visual pedagogy of the text provides a powerful combination of content and visuals ideal for microbiology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Microbial World 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The Microbes 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Brief Survey of the Microbial World 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dominant Form of Life on Earth 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Conflicts 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth and Control of Microbes 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Role of the Immune System 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Wrestling and the Spread of Skin Pathogens 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenesis 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial Drugs 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Infectious Disease 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiology and Healthy Practices 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost Defenses and Microbial Pathogenesis Strategies 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfectious Disease Statistics 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Vaccination: A Casualty of War 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Microbial Ecology and Commercial Applications 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Importance of Environmental Microbes 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Industrial Use of Microorganisms 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Pasteurization 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn Introduction to the Chemical Basis of Life 24\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Atoms, Elements, and Molecules 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElements and the Periodic Table 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Atomic Structure 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectron Configuration and Bonding 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Interactions 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Microbe Diagnosis Using Colorimetric Chemical Reactions 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Water: Life’s Most Essential Molecule 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater’s Unique Properties 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAqueous Solutions 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcids and Bases 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Diagnosis Using pH-Sensitive Chemical Reactions 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Trading One Infection for Another 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Carbon’s Key Role in Biochemistry 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Diversity of Carbon Chemistry 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsomers 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Isomers as a New Antibacterial Mechanism of Action 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding Complex Organic Molecules 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Biochemistry of Macromolecules 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Proteins 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Four Levels of Protein Structure 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein Diversity and Function 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: The Effect of Modified Tertiary Binding on Protein Structure 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Enzymes 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnzyme Action 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors Influencing the Rate of Enzyme Activity 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Carbohydrates 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple and Complex Carbohydrates 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Functional Diversity of Carbohydrates 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Rapid Glycogen Breakdown in a Diabetic Patient in Shock 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Lipids 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Structural Classes of Lipids 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Acne—A Bacterial Interaction with Skin Oils 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid Functions 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Ziehl–Neelsen Acid-Fast Staining of Mycolic Acid Cell Walls 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Nucleic Acids 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Structures of DNA and RNA 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNucleic Acid Functions 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicroscopy 75\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Principles of Microscopy 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnification 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResolution 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Microscopy Used for Clinical Diagnosis 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBright-field Microscopy 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDark-field Microscopy 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluorescence Microscopy 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Direct Fluorescent Antibody Assay 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Microscopy Used for Research Investigations 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight Microscopy 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectron Microscopy 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanoprobe-based Microscopy 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Specimen Preparation and Staining 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Staining Procedures 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Diagnosing Gonorrhea Using the Gram Stain 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial Staining Procedures 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Diagnosing Tuberculosis Using Acid-fast Staining 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eProkaryotic Organisms 95\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 The Prokaryote’s Place in the Living World 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustaining Life 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Prokaryotes—The Dominant Form of Life on Earth 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbiotic Relationships 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Bacterial Cell Shapes and Arrangements 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial Shapes 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial Arrangements 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 The Bacterial Cell Wall 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell Wall Structure 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGram-positive and Gram-negative Cell Walls 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtypical Cell Walls 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: A Walking Pneumonia Outbreak at a University 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 External Structures of Bacterial Cells 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Glycocalyx 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFimbriae and Pili 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlagella 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Flagella Stain 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Internal Structures of Bacterial Cells 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Plasma Membrane 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nucleoid 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRibosomes 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasmids, Inclusion Bodies, and Membranous Structures 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndospores 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Endospore-forming Bacteria 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Prokaryotic Evolution and Classification 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Tree of Life 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Clinical Classification of Prokaryotes 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Eukaryotic Cell 122\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 An Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell Size 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMulticellular Organisms 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 The Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Plasma Membrane 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cell Wall 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Agar—The Ideal Solid Medium for Bacterial Culture 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Internal Structures 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nucleus and Genetic Material 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRibosomes 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Endomembrane System 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMitochondria and Chloroplasts 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cytoskeleton 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 External Structures and Other Cellular Forms 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCellular Junctions 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlagella, Cilia, and Pseudopodia 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpores 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCysts and Sporocysts 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Valley Fever 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: O\u0026amp;P Examination of Stool 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Eukaryotic Evolution and Classification 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Autogenous and Endosymbiotic Hypotheses 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Evolution of Multicellular Organisms 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEukarya: A Classification Overview 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEukaryotic Organisms 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 The Algae 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Characteristics and Unique Features 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Survey of Algae 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenic Algae 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Sabouraud Dextrose Agar 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 The Protozoans 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Characteristics and Unique Features 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Survey of Protozoans 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenic Protozoans 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 The Fungi 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Characteristics and Unique Features 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: The Morphological Plasticity of \u003ci\u003eCandida \u003c\/i\u003e154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Survey of Fungi 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenic Fungi 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: \u003ci\u003eCandida auris: \u003c\/i\u003eAn Emerging Fungal Pathogen 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 The Helminths 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Characteristics and Unique Features 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Survey of the Helminths 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenic Helminths 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Cravings 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 The Arthropods 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Survey of the Arthropods 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenic Arthropods and Arthropod Vectors 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eViruses and Infectious Particles 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Viral Structure and Classification 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Structure of Viruses 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Classification of Viruses 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Viral Replication Cycles 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViruses Replicating in Animal Cells 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Presumptive Diagnosis of a Viral Infection Using CPE Analysis 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViruses Replicating in Bacterial Cells 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Viruses and Human Health 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Clinical Cultivation of Viruses 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Impact of Viral Infections 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: A Bad Case of the Flu 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViruses, Recurrent Infections, and Cancer 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Connecting Symptoms with the Progression of HIV 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Prevention of Viral Infections 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiviral Therapies 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Protecting the Most Vulnerable Patients 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral Influences on Bacterial Infections 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Viruslike Infectious Agents 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViroids 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatellites 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrions 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eMetabolism 197\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 The Role of Energy in Life 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Energy Principles 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy and Chemical Reactions 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Identifying Bacteria by Metabolic Differences 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Energy Production Principles 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxidation-Reduction Reactions 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eATP 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Glycolysis and Fermentation 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycolysis 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFermentation 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: The Clinical Importance of Alcohol Throughout History 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Aerobic Cellular Respiration 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Electron Transport System 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid and Protein Catabolism 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrated Metabolic Pathways 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Microbial Bioremediation of an Oil Spill 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Photosynthesis 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactions of Photosynthesis 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemosynthesis in Bacteria 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: A Metabolic Imbalance in Grand Lake St. Mary’s 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicrobial Genetics and Genetic Engineering 226\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 DNA as the Genetic Material 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA Structure and Functions 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA Replication in Bacteria 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 From DNA to Protein 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranscription 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranslation 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Sources of Genetic Variation 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMutation 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecombination 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransposition 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: The Spread of a Drug-Resistant Gene 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Regulation of Gene Expression 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranscriptional Control 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-and Posttranscriptional Control 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Recombinant DNA Technology 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecombinant DNA Tools and Gene Cloning 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Gel Electrophoresis 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications of Recombinant DNA Technology 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Manipulating the Bacterial Genome for Agricultural Benefits 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical and Safety Concerns 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Genomics 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA Sequencing 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenomic Analysis 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications of Genomics 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Screening for Genetic Diseases—\u003ci\u003eBRCA1 \u003c\/i\u003eMutation 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicrobial Growth and Control 257\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Requirements for Microbial Growth 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy Sources 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Requirements 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Foodborne Illness from Home-Prepared Fermented Tofu 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Requirements 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Bacterial Reproduction and Growth 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell Division 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth Rate of Bacteria 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhases of Growth 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods of Quantifying Bacterial Growth 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Dilution Plating 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Laboratory Growth of Microorganisms 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObtaining a Pure Culture 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth Media 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacteria That Cannot Be Cultured 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Biofilm Formation on Teeth 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Microbial Cultures in Clinical Practice 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecimen Collection 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecimen Analysis 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Controlling Microbial Growth 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Methods 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiation 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Methods 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in Health Care Settings 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eAntimicrobial Agents 287\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Principles of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Discovery and Development of Antimicrobial Agents 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoosing the Best Antimicrobial Agent 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Broth Dilution Test 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Antibacterial Agents 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibitors of Protein Synthesis 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgents That Target the Bacterial Plasma Membrane 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: The Fight Against Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimycobacterial Agents 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Antiviral Agents 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibitors of HIV 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibitors of Hepatitis B and C Viruses 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibitors of Influenza A and B Viruses 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibitors of Herpes Viruses 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Antifungal and Antiparasitic Agents 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntifungal Agents 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiparasitic Agents 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Problems with Malaria Medication in Mozambique 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples of Drug Resistance 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanisms of Drug Resistance 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Factors Contributing to Antimicrobial Resistance 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Livestock-Associated Drug-Resistant \u003ci\u003eS. aureus \u003c\/i\u003e316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eInnate Immunity 323\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 An Introduction to Immunity 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Benefits and Consequences of the Immune Response 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnate Versus Adaptive Immunity 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Basic Anatomy of the Immune System 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 First-Line Defense Mechanisms 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Defenses 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Defenses 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: The Benefits of Fever 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: No Spicy Food for Me! 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Innate Cellular Defense Mechanisms 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHematopoiesis 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeukocytes 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Differential Count 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhagocytosis 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInflammation 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Protein-Mediated Defense Mechanisms 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Complement Pathways 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterferons 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Protein-Mediated Defense Mechanisms 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdaptive Immunity 351\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction to Adaptive Immunity 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHallmarks of Adaptive Immunity 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntigens and Immunogenicity 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte Maturation and Clonal Selection 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Conjugate Vaccines 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Major Histocompatibility Complex 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Transplant Rejection 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Cell-Mediated Responses 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT-Cell Categories 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntigen Processing and Presentation 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe T-Cell Receptor Complex and Associative Recognition 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 T-Cell Activation 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Stages of T-Cell Activation 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompletion of T-Cell Activation 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: The Mantoux Test 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Antibody-Mediated Responses 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Antibody Structure 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Coagulase Agglutination Assay 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunoglobulin Classes and Their Specific Functions 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 B-Cell Activation 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-Cell Receptors and Pathogen Binding 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibody Production and Clonal Expansion 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-Cell Effector Mechanisms 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eVaccination, Immunoassays, and Immune Disorders 378\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Vaccines and Vaccination 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Brief History of Vaccination 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModern Vaccines 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Prioritizing Immunizations 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaccines and Public Health 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaccine Safety and Misconceptions 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Immunoassays 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonoclonal Antibodies 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Immunoassays 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Human Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e153 Hypersensitivities 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType I Hypersensitivity 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType II Hypersensitivity 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType III Hypersensitivity 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Fetal Rh Incompatibility 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType IV Hypersensitivity 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Autoimmune Diseases and Immunodeficiencies 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutoimmune Diseases 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunodeficiencies 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Bone Marrow Transplants for Immunodeficient Patients 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicrobial Pathogenesis 408\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Transmission of Microbes 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Reservoirs 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModes of Transmission 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: The Cholera Epidemic in Goma, Zaire 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal and Vertical Transmission 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Entering and Adhering to the Host 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePortals of Entry and Exit 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdhering to Host Cells 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Overcoming Host Defenses 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvading Immune Attack 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltering Pathogen Antigens 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDamaging the Host Immune System 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Damaging Host Tissues 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Damage 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnzymes 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndotoxins 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExotoxins 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Toxoid-Based Vaccines 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunopathy 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Analysis of Hemolysis on Blood Agar 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Factors Influencing Disease Outcomes 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost Factors 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Stress and Infection 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Factors 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEpidemiology and Infection Control 434\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Epidemiology and Public Health 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Epidemiological Successes 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant Accomplishments of Epidemiology 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Epidemiological Surveillance 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Antibiotic-Impregnated Bone Cement 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence, Incidence Rates, and Mortality Rates 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemic Curves 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease Surveillance 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase-Control and Cohort Studies 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Trials 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: A Foodborne Outbreak among Inmates at a County Jail 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Health Care–Associated Infections 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon Health Care–Associated Infections 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical Site Infections 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Reducing the Risk of Bloodstream Infections 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAUTIs 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePICC Line Infections 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCLABSIs 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Preventing Pathogen Spread in Health Care Settings 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHand Hygiene 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversal and Standard Precautions and PPE 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScreening 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolation Procedures 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: MRSA Screening Procedures in the Clinical Laboratory 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiseases of the Respiratory System 460\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 The Conflicts 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost Defenses 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Pathogenic Strategies 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Microbiota 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory System 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiphtheria 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePertussis 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Whooping Cough Outbreak 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTuberculosis 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Common Cold 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluenza 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Unpredictable Behavior 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Diseases of the Respiratory System Caused by Multiple Pathogens 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSinusitis and Otitis Media 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePharyngitis 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Diagnosis of Strep Throat 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaryngitis, Croup, Tracheitis, and Epiglottitis 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBronchitis and Bronchiolitis 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Pneumonia 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Characteristics of Pneumonia 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Sputum Samples 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiology of Pneumonia 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauses of Pneumonia 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging Pathogens 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiseases of the Skin and Eyes 491\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 The Conflicts 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost Defenses 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Pathogenic Strategies 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Microbiota 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Skin 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStaphylococcal and Streptococcal Skin Diseases 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Mannitol Salt Agar—A Versatile Selective\/Differential Medium 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePseudomonal Skin Diseases 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous Bacterial Skin Diseases 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Viral Diseases of the Skin 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatric Viral Rashes 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: An App to Improve Hand Hygiene 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShingles 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWarts 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmallpox 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Skin Diseases Caused by Eukaryotic Pathogens 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFungal Skin Diseases 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Oral Thrush and Immune System Status 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtozoan Skin Diseases 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelminthic Skin Diseases 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArthropod Skin Diseases 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Kindergarten Contact 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Diseases of the Eye 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost Defenses and Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConjunctivitis 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Eye Diseases 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiseases of the Gastrointestinal System 524\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 The Conflicts 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost Defenses 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Pathogenic Strategies 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Microbiota 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth and Upper GI Tract 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDental Caries 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGingivitis and Periodontal Disease 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Oral Hygiene for Patients with Ventilators 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Periodontitis and Alzheimer’s Disease 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeptic Ulcer Disease 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eStaphylococcus aureus \u003c\/i\u003eFood Intoxication 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Bacterial Diseases of the Lower GI Tract 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiseases Caused by \u003ci\u003eSalmonella \u003c\/i\u003e532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrheagenic \u003ci\u003eE. coli \u003c\/i\u003eInfections 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCampylobacteriosis 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Preparing and Analyzing a Fecal Culture 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShigellosis 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCholera 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpportunistic Infections 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Viral Diseases of the GI System 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCold Sores 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMumps 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral Gastroenteritis 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHepatitis A 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: A Norovirus Outbreak Among Nurses 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Protozoan Diseases of the GI System 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiardiasis 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmoebic Dysentery 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCryptosporidiosis 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Helminthic Diseases of the GI System 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrematode Infections 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCestode Infections 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNematode Infections 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiseases of the Urogenital System 554\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 The Conflicts 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost Defenses 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Pathogenic Strategies 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Microbiota 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCystitis 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyelonephritis 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Cranberry Juice for UTI Prevention 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeptospirosis 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Pyelonephritis in a Toddler 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProstatitis 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlamydia 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGonorrhea 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Challenge of Culturing \u003ci\u003eNeisseria gonorrhoeae \u003c\/i\u003e566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePelvic Inflammatory Disease 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyphilis 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Viral Diseases of the Reproductive Systems 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenital Warts 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Winning the War on Cervical Cancer 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenital Herpes 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolluscum Contagiosum 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 HIV Infection and AIDS 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV Origins and Characteristics 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV Replication and Pathogenicity 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV Testing, Treatment, and Outcomes 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Fungal and Protozoan Diseases of the Reproductive Systems 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaginal Yeast Infections 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrichomoniasis 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiseases of the Nervous System 587\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 The Conflicts 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost Defenses 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Pathogenic Strategies 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial Meningitis 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetanus 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBotulism 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: The High Cost of Forgoing Tetanus Vaccination 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: Clinical Use of Botulism Toxin 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHansen’s Disease (Leprosy) 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Viral Diseases of the Nervous System 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral Meningitis 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncephalitis 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolio 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Polio Eradication 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRabies 601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Viral Diseases of the Nervous System 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Fungal and Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFungal Meningitis 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: India Ink Staining of CSF for \u003ci\u003eCryptococcus \u003c\/i\u003e604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxoplasmosis 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Prion Diseases of the Nervous System 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal Spongiform Encephalopathies 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Prion Diseases 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 613\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 The Conflicts 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost Defenses 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Pathogenic Strategies 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Sepsis and Cardiac Diseases 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSepsis 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac Diseases 619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Blood Culture 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrucellosis 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthrax 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLyme Disease 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlague 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Bacterial Diseases 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 630\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeukocyte-Associated Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Diseases 630\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: The Diagnosis of Mononucleosis 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral Hemorrhagic Diseases 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHepatitis 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: HIV Status and the Spread of Hepatitis 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Fungal, Protozoan, and Helminthic Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystemic \u003ci\u003eCandida auris \u003c\/i\u003eInfection 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystemic Protozoan Diseases 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: The Kissing Bug 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystemic Helminthic Diseases 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnvironmental and Industrial Microbiology 646\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Microbial Ecology 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ecological Hierarchy 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobes in Earth’s Ecosystems 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiofilms 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Application: A Potential New Therapy for Medical Biofilm Elimination 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Biogeochemical Cycles 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nitrogen Cycle 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Carbon Cycle 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Phosphorus Cycle 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sulfur Cycle 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat a Microbiologist Sees: Habitat for Acidophiles 658\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Bioremediation 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples of Bioremediation 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSewage Treatment 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Treatment 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Microorganisms Used in Manufacturing 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProducts of Biotechnology 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood Production 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Bacon Beer 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Safe Product Processing and Packaging 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood Safety Regulation 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical and Physical Controls in Food Production 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCanning 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Control in Health Care Settings 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Autoclave 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A Answers to Self-Tests A-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B Physiological Reference Ranges B-5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary G-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex I-1\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default 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