{"product_id":"viral-infections-and-global-change-isbn-9781118297872","title":"Viral Infections and Global Change","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA timely exploration of the impact of global change on the emergence, reemergence, and control of vector-borne and zoonotic viral infections\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom massively destructive \"superstorms\" to rapidly rising sea levels, the world media is abuzz with talk of the threats to civilization posed by global warming. But one hazard that is rarely discussed is the dramatic rise in the number and magnitude of tropical virus outbreaks among human populations. One need only consider recent developments, such as the spread of chikungunya across southern Europe and dengue in Singapore, Brazil, and the southern United States, to appreciate the seriousness of that threat.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepresenting a major addition to the world literature on the subject, \u003ci\u003eViral Infections and Global Change\u003c\/i\u003e explores trends of paramount concern globally, regarding the emergence and reemergence of vector-borne and zoonotic viruses. It also provides up-to-date coverage of both the clinical aspects and basic science behind an array of specific emerging and reemerging infections, including everything from West Nile fever and Rift Valley fever to zoonotic hepatitis E and human bunyavirus.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant topics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eEpidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, and evolutionary mechanisms\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHost-pathogen interactions in an array of viral infections\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe impact of climate change on historical viral outbreaks\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe roles of socioeconomics, human behavior, and animal and human migrations\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe growing prevalence of drug and pesticide resistance\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe introduction of microbes and vectors through increased transboundary travel\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSpillover transmissions and the emergence of viral outbreaks\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetecting and responding to threats from bioterrorism and emerging viral infections\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePredictive modeling for emerging viral infections\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eViral Infections and Global Change\u003c\/i\u003e is an indispensable resource for research scientists, epidemiologists, and medical and veterinary students working in ecology, environmental management, climatology, neurovirology, virology, and infectious disease.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eForeword xxi\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePreface xxiii\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eContributors xxv\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout the Editor xxix\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I General aspects 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Climate Change And Vector-Borne Viral Diseases 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eYing Zhang, Alana Hansen, and Peng Bi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Epidemiology of VVD 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Association between climatic variables and emerging VVD 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Invasion of nonzoonotic vvd to humans 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Implications and recommendations for prevention and control 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Impact Of Climate Change On Vector-Borne Arboviral Episystems 21\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eWalter J. Tabachnick and Jonathan F. Day\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The complex factors influencing mosquito-borne arbovirus episystems 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 West Nile virus 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Dengue in Florida 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Bluetongue 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusions 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Influence Of Climate Change On Mosquito Development And Blood-Feeding Patterns 35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eWilliam E. Walton and William K. Reisen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Mosquito development 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Blood-feeding patterns 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Environmental Perturbations That Influence Arboviral Host Range: Insights Into Emergence Mechanisms 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAaron C. Brault and William K. Reisen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 The changing environment 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Deforestation and the epizootic emergence of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Rice, mosquitoes, pigs, and japanese encephalitis virus 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Culex pipiens complex, house sparrows, urbanization, and west Nile virus 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Urbanization, global trade, and the reemergence of chikungunya virus 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusions 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Socio-Ecology Of Viral Zoonotic Transfer 77\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJonathan D. Mayer and Sarah Paige\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Historical perspective 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Human–animal interface 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Surveillance 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Deforestation and fragmentation 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Urbanization 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Examples 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Conclusion 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Human Behavior And The Epidemiology Of Viral Zoonoses 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSatesh Bidaisee, Cheryl Cox Macpherson, and Calum N.L. Macpherson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Societal changes and the epidemiology of viral zoonoses 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Viral zoonoses and human societal values 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Human behavior and the epidemiology of vector-borne viral zoonoses 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Human behavior and the epidemiology of respiratory viral zoonoses 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Human behavior and the epidemiology of waterborne viral zoonoses 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Human behavior and the epidemiology of wildlife-associated viral zoonoses 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 The role of human behavior in the control of viral zoonoses 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Global Trave l, Trade, And The Spread Of Viral Infections 111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eBrian D. Gushulak and Douglas W. MacPherson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Basic principles 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 An overview of population mobility 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 The dynamics of modern population mobility 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Human population mobility and the spread of viruses 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 The biological aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 The demographic aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Potential impact of climate change 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Conclusion 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Effects Of Land-Use Changes And Agricultural Practices On The Emergence And Reemergence Of Human Viral Diseases 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eKimberly Fornace, Marco Liverani, Jonathan Rushton, and Richard Coker\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Ecological and environmental changes 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Agricultural change 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Demographic changes 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Land use, disease emergence, and multifactorial causation 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Conclusion 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Animal Migration And Risk Of Spread Of Viral Infections 151\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eDiann J. Prosser, Jessica Nagel, and John Y. Takekawa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Does animal migration increase risk of viral spread? 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Examples of migratory animals and spread of viral disease 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Climate change effects on animal migration and viral zoonoses 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Shifts in timing of migration and range extents 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Combined effects of climate change, disease, and migration 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Conclusions and future directions 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Illegal Animal And (Bush) Meat Trade Associated Risk Of Spread Of Viral Infections 179\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eChristopher Kilonzo, Thomas J. Stopka, and Bruno Chomel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Search strategy and selection criteria 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 The bushmeat trade 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Bushmeat hunting and emerging infectious diseases 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Risk factors and modes of transmission 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conservation and wildlife sustainability 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Case study: The role of the bushmeat trade in the evolution of Hiv 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Illegal trade of domestic animals and exotic pets 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Discussion and future directions 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Prevention and control: From supply and demand to health education techniques 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 New technologies 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Collaboration: Multidisciplinary advances and next steps 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Conclusion 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflicts of interest 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Biological Significance Of Bats As A Natural Reservoir Of Emerging Viruses 195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAngela M. Bosco-Lauth and Richard A. Bowen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Bats as exemplars of biodiversity 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Bats are reservoir hosts for zoonotic and emerging pathogens 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Contact rate as a driver for emergence of bat-associated zoonoses 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Potential impact of climate change on viruses transmitted by bats 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Conclusions 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Role And Strategies Of Surveillance Networks In Handling Emerging And Reemerging Viral Infections 213\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eCarlos Castillo-Salgado\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Global trend of viral infectious agents and diseases 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Recognized importance of public health surveillance 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Definition and scope of public health surveillance 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Key functions and uses of disease surveillance 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 New expansion of surveillance by the ihr-2005 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Emergence of new global surveillance networks 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Global influenza surveillance and who’s pandemic influenza preparedness framework 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Early warning surveillance systems 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Innovative approaches for surveillance 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Electronic and web-based information platforms for information reporting, sharing, and dissemination 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Real-time and near real-time information 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13 New updated statistical methods for tracking viral and infectious disease outbreaks 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.14 Using proxy and compiled web-based information from different sources 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.15 Incorporation of public–private partnerships in surveillance activities 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.16 Use of volunteer sentinel physicians 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.17 Improving guidelines and protocols for viral surveillance 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.18 Incorporating health situation rooms or strategic command centers for monitoring, analysis, and response in surveillance efforts 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.19 Challenges of viral and public health surveillance 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Predictive Modeling Of Emerging Infections 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnna L. Buczak, Steven M. Babin, Brian H. Feighner, Phillip T. Koshute, and Sheri H. Lewis\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Types of models 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Remote sensing and its use in disease outbreak prediction 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Approaches to modeling and their evaluation 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Examples of prediction models 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Conclusion 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Developments And Challenges In Diagnostic Virology 255\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eLuisa Barzon, Laura Squarzon, Monia Pacenti, and Giorgio Palù\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Preparedness 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Challenges in diagnosis of emerging viral infections 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Approaches to the diagnosis of emerging viral infections 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conclusions 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Advances In Detecting And Responding To Threats From Bioterrorism And Emerging Viral Infections 275\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eStephen A. Morse and Angela Weber\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Emerging, reemerging, and intentionally emerging diseases 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Bioterrorism 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Viruses as bioweapons 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Impact of biotechnology 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Deterrence, recognition, and response 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Public health surveillance 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Conclusion 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Molecular And Evolutionary Mechanisms Of Viral Emergence 297\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJuan Carlos Saiz, Francisco Sobrino, Noemí Sevilla, Verónica Martín, Celia Perales, and Esteban Domingo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction: Biosphere and virosphere diversities 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Virus variation as a factor in viral emergence: a role of complexity 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 High error rates originate quasispecies swarms 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Evolutionary mechanisms that may participate in viral disease emergence 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Ample genetic and host range variations of fmdv: a human epidemic to be? 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 The arbovirus host alternations: high exposure to environmental modifications 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Arenaviruses: As an emerging threat 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Conclusion 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Drivers Of Emergence And Sources Of Future Emerging And Reemerging Viral Infections 327\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eLeslie A. Reperant and Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Prehistoric and historic unfolding of the drivers of disease emergence 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Proximal drivers of disease emergence and sources of future emerging and reemerging viral infections 334\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 17.4 Further insights from the theory of island biogeography 338\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 339\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003e18 Spillover Transmission And Emergence Of Viral Outbreaks In Humans 343\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSunit K. Singh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 18.1 Introduction 343\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 18.2 Major anthropogenic factors responsible for spillover 344\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 18.3 Major viral factors playing a role in spillover 347\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 18.4 Intermediate hosts and species barriers in viral transmission 349\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 18.5 Conclusion 349\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e References 349\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003ePart II Specific Infections 353\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003e19 New, Emerging, And Reemerging Respiratory Viruses 355\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eFleur M. Moesker, Pieter L.A. Fraaij, and Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 19.1 Introduction 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Influenza viruses 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Human metapneumovirus 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Human coronaviruses: SARS and non-SARS 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Human bocavirus 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 KI and WU polyomaviruses 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Nipah and hendra viruses 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Conclusion 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 List of abbreviations 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Emergence Of Zoonotic Orthopox Virus Infections 377\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eTomoki Yoshikawa, Masayuki Saijo, and Shigeru Morikawa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Smallpox, a representative orthopoxvirus infection: The eradicated non-zoonotic orthopoxvirus 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Biological Aspects Of The Interspecies Transmission Of Selected Coronavi ruses 393\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnastasia N. Vlasova and Linda J. Saif\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Coronavirus classification and pathogenesis 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Natural reservoirs and emergence of new coronaviruses 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Alpha-, beta- and gamma coronaviruses: cross-species transmission 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Anthropogenic factors and climate influence on coronavirus diversity and outbreaks 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Conclusion 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Impac t Of Environmental And Social Factors On Ross River Virus Outbreaks 419\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eCraig R. Williams and David O. Harley\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 22.2 History of mosquito-borne epidemic polyarthritis outbreaks in australia and the pacific 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 RRV transmission cycles have a variety of ecologies 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Typical environmental determinants of RRV activity 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Social determinants of RRV disease activity 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 A Conceptual framework for understanding the influence of environmental and social factors on RRV disease activity 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Climate Change and RRV 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8 Conclusion 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Infection Patterns And Emergence Of O’nyong-Nyong Virus 433\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnn M. Powers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 History of outbreaks 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Clinical manifestations 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Epidemiology 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Factors affecting emergence 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Conclusion 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Zoonotic Hepa titis E: Animal Reservoirs, Emerging Risks, And Impact Of Climate Change 445\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eNicole Pavio and Jérôme Bouquet\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 HEV biology and classification 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Pathogenesis in humans 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Animal Reservoirs 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Zoonotic and Interspecies Transmission of HEV and HEV-like viruses 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 HEV in the environment 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7 Climate change and impact on HEV exposure 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8 Prevention 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9 Conclusion 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Impact Of Climate Change On Outbreaks Of Arenaviral\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eInfections 467\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e James Christopher Clegg\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Natural history of arenaviruses 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Predicted climate changes 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 25.4 Arenaviral diseases and climate change 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Emerging And Reemerging Human Bunyavirus Infections And Climate Change 477\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eLaura J. Sutherland, Assaf Anyamba, and A. Desiree LaBeaud\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Bunyaviridae family 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Climate Change and Bunyaviridae: Climatic influences on transmission cycles and subsequent risk for transmission of bunyaviruses 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Disease spread due to growing geographic distribution of competent vectors 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 using climate as a means for outbreak prediction 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 Future problems 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Emerging Trend Of Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, And Rotavi ruses In Human Viral\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eGastroenteritis 495\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eDaniel Cowley, Celeste Donato, and Carl D. Kirkwood\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 27.1 Introduction 496\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 27.2 Emerging trends in rotaviruses 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Emerging trends in enteric adenoviruses 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Emerging trends in astroviruses 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Emerging Human Norovirus Infections 517\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMelissa K. Jones, Shu Zhu, and Stephanie M. Karst\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Norovirus epidemiology 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Features of norovirus outbreaks 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Clinical features of norovirus infection 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Host Susceptibility 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 Effect of increased size of immunocompromised population 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7 Effect of globalization of the food market on norovirus spread 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8 Effect of climate change 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 Emergence Of Novel Viruses (Toscana, Usutu) In Population And Climate Change 535\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMari Paz Sánchez-Seco Fariñas and Ana Vazquez\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Introduction 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 TOSV 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 USUV 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 Conclusions 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 Borna Disease Virus And The Search For Human Infection 557\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eKathryn M. Carbone and Juan Carlos de la Torre\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e 30.1 Introduction 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 Long-standing controversy around bdv as a human pathogen 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3 A negative is impossible to prove, but do we have enough evidence to stop looking? 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4 Recent improvements in testing for evidence of bdv in human samples 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4.1 Serology 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4.2 Nucleic acid tests 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5 The possibilities for clinical expression of human bdv infection are myriad and almost impossible to predict 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6 Epidemiology: the “new” frontier of human bdv studies? 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7 Where do we go from here? 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31 Tick-Transmitted Viruses And Climate Change 573\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAgustín Estrada-Peña, Zdenek Hubálek, and Ivo Rudolf\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1 Introduction 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2 Ticks in nature 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3 Family Flaviviridae 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4 Family Bunyaviridae 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5 Family Reoviridae 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5.1 Colorado tick fever virus 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5.2 Kemerovo virus 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5.3 Tribeè virus 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.6 Family Orthomyxoviridae 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.6.1 Thogoto virus 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.6.2 Dhori virus 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.7 Other tick-transmitted viruses 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8 Conclusions 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32 The Tick–Virus Interface 603\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eKristin L. McNally and Marshall E. Bloom\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1 Introduction 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2 Viruses within the tick vector 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3 Saliva-assisted transmission 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4 Summary and future directions 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 617\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e“I learnt so much from the book and enjoyed reading it. It is definitely a welcome and timely addition to the biomedical literature.”  (\u003ci\u003eMicrobiology Today\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 August 2014)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“The healthcare professionals and scientists best equipped to prevent an actual viral apocalypse will have Viral Infections and Global Change at hand, rather than a machete. Or maybe both.”  (\u003ci\u003eClinical Infectious Diseases\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003e,\u003c\/i\u003e 25 April  2014)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDr. Sunit Kumar Singh\u003c\/strong\u003e is a Scientist \u0026amp; Project Leader in the Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunobiology, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India, Dr. Singh leads a research group in neurovirology, and his broad?areas of expertise?are in?neurovirology and neuroinflammation. Dr. Singh is a serving editorial board member for several journals in the field of infectious disease, including the \u003cem\u003ePLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases\u003c\/em\u003e journal, and he has been the recipient of numerous awards including the Young Scientist Award, the Skinner Memorial Award and the AFS travel grant award.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA timely exploration of the impact of global change on the emergence, reemergence, and control of vector-borne and zoonotic viral infections\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom massively destructive \"superstorms\" to rapidly rising sea levels, the world media is abuzz with talk of the threats to civilization posed by global warming. But one hazard that is rarely discussed is the dramatic rise in the number and magnitude of tropical virus outbreaks among human populations. One need only consider recent developments, such as the spread of chikungunya across southern Europe and dengue in Singapore, Brazil, and the southern United States, to appreciate the seriousness of that threat.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepresenting a major addition to the world literature on the subject, \u003ci\u003eViral Infections and Global Change\u003c\/i\u003e explores trends of paramount concern globally, regarding the emergence and reemergence of vector-borne and zoonotic viruses. It also provides up-to-date coverage of both the clinical aspects and basic science behind an array of specific emerging and reemerging infections, including everything from West Nile fever and Rift Valley fever to zoonotic hepatitis E and human bunyavirus.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant topics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eEpidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, and evolutionary mechanisms\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHost-pathogen interactions in an array of viral infections\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe impact of climate change on historical viral outbreaks\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe roles of socioeconomics, human behavior, and animal and human migrations\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe growing prevalence of drug and pesticide resistance\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe introduction of microbes and vectors through increased transboundary travel\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSpillover transmissions and the emergence of viral outbreaks\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetecting and responding to threats from bioterrorism and emerging viral infections\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePredictive modeling for emerging viral infections\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eViral Infections and Global Change\u003c\/i\u003e is an indispensable resource for research scientists, epidemiologists, and medical and veterinary students working in ecology, environmental management, climatology, neurovirology, virology, and infectious disease.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990454255845,"sku":"NP9781118297872","price":179.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118297872.jpg?v=1761787895","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/viral-infections-and-global-change-isbn-9781118297872","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}