{"product_id":"understanding-solids-isbn-9781118423462","title":"Understanding Solids","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe second edition of a modern introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids.  This textbook takes a unique integrated approach designed to appeal to both science and engineering students.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eReview of 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c\/sup\u003e edition\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“an extremely wide-ranging, useful book that is accessible to anyone with a firm grasp of high school science…this is an outstanding and affordable resource for the lifelong learner or current student.” Choice, 2005\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe book provides an introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids that acts as a foundation to courses in materials science, engineering, chemistry, and physics.  It is equally accessible to both engineers and scientists, through its more scientific approach, whilst still covering the material essential to engineers.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis edition contains new sections on the use of computing methods to solve materials problems and has been thoroughly updated to include the many developments and advances made in the past 10 years, e.g.  batteries, solar cells, lighting technology, lasers, graphene and graphene electronics, carbon nanotubes, and the Fukashima nuclear disaster.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe book is carefully structured into self-contained bite-sized chapters to enhance student understanding and questions have been designed to reinforce the concepts presented.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe supplementary website includes Powerpoint slides and a host of additional problems and solutions.\u003c\/p\u003e  Preface to the Second Edition xvii  \u003cp\u003ePreface to the First Edition xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART 1 STRUCTURES AND MICROSTRUCTURES 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 The electron structure of atoms 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The hydrogen atom 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 The quantum mechanical description 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 The energy of the electron 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Electron orbitals 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.4 Orbital shapes 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Many-electron atoms 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 The orbital approximation 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Electron spin and electron configuration 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 The periodic table 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Atomic energy levels 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Spectra and energy levels 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Terms and term symbols 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Levels 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Electronic energy level calculations 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Chemical bonding 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Ionic bonding 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Ions 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Ionic size and shape 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Lattice energies 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 Atomistic simulation 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Covalent bonding 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Valence bond theory 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Molecular orbital theory 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Metallic bonding and energy bands 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Molecular orbitals and energy bands 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 The free electron gas 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Energy bands 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Properties of metals 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Bands in ionic and covalent solids 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Computation of properties 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 States of aggregation 49\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Weak chemical bonds 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Macrostructures, microstructures and nanostructures 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Structures and scale 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Crystalline solids 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Quasicrystals 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Non-crystalline solids 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Partly crystalline solids 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6 Nanoparticles and nanostructures 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The development of microstructures 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Solidification 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Processing 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Point defects 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Point defects in crystals of elements 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Solid solutions 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Schottky defects 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Frenkel defects 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Non-stoichiometric compounds 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6 Point defect notation 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Linear, planar and volume defects 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Edge dislocations 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Screw dislocations 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Partial and mixed dislocations 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Planar defects 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Volume defects: precipitates 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Phase diagrams 77\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Phases and phase diagrams 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 One-component (unary) systems 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 The phase rule for one-component (unary) systems 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Binary phase diagrams 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Two-component (binary) systems 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 The phase rule for two-component (binary) systems 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Simple binary diagrams: nickel–copper as an example 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Binary systems containing a eutectic point: tin–lead as an example 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Intermediate phases and melting 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 The iron–carbon system near to iron 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 The iron–carbon phase diagram 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Steels and cast irons 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Invariant points 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Ternary systems 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Calculation of phase diagrams: CALPHAD 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Crystallography and crystal structures 101\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Crystallography 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Crystal lattices 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Crystal systems and crystal structures 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Symmetry and crystal classes 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 Crystal planes and Miller indices 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.5 Hexagonal crystals and Miller-Bravais indices 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.6 Directions 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.7 Crystal geometry and the reciprocal lattice 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 The determination of crystal structures 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Single crystal X-ray diffraction 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Powder X-ray diffraction and crystal identification 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Neutron diffraction 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Electron diffraction 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Crystal structures 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Unit cells, atomic coordinates and nomenclature 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 The density of a crystal 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 The cubic close-packed (A1) structure 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 The body-centred cubic (A2) structure 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 The hexagonal (A3) structure 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 The diamond (A4) structure 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.7 The graphite (A9) structure 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.8 The halite (rock salt, sodium chloride, B1) structure 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.9 The spinel (H11) structure 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Structural relationships 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Sphere packing 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Ionic structures in terms of anion packing 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Polyhedral representations 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART 2 CLASSES OF MATERIALS 137\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites 139\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Metals 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 The crystal structures of pure metals 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Metallic radii 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Alloy solid solutions 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Metallic glasses 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.5 The principal properties of metals 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Ceramics 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Bonding and structure of silicate ceramics 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Some non-silicate ceramics 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 The preparation and processing of ceramics 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 The principal properties of ceramics 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Silicate glasses 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Bonding and structure of silicate glasses 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Glass deformation 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Strengthened glass 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Glass-ceramics 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Polymers 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Polymer formation 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Microstructures of polymers 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Production of polymers 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Elastomers 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 The principal properties of polymers 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Composite materials 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Fibre-reinforced plastics 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Metal-matrix composites 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Ceramic-matrix composites 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Cement and concrete 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART 3 REACTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Diffusion and ionic conductivity 191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Self-diffusion, tracer diffusion and tracer impurity diffusion 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Non-steady-state diffusion 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Steady-state diffusion 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Temperature variation of diffusion coefficient 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 The effect of impurities 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Random walk diffusion 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Diffusion in solids 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Self-diffusion in one dimension 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Self-diffusion in crystals 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 The Arrhenius equation and point defects 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Correlation factors for self-diffusion 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 Ionic conductivity 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12.1 Ionic conductivity in solids 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12.2 The relationship between ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficient 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Phase transformations and reactions 213\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Sintering 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Sintering and reaction 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 The driving force for sintering 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 The kinetics of neck growth 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 First-order and second-order phase transitions 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 First-order phase transitions 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Second-order transitions 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Displacive and reconstructive transitions 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Displacive transitions 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Reconstructive transitions 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Order–disorder transitions 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Positional ordering 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Orientational ordering 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Martensitic transformations 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 The austenite–martensite transition 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Martensitic transformations in zirconia 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Martensitic transitions in Ni–Ti alloys 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Shape-memory alloys 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Phase diagrams and microstructures 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Equilibrium solidification of simple binary alloys 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Non-equilibrium solidification and coring 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Solidification in systems containing a eutectic point 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4 Equilibrium heat treatment of steel in the Fe–C phase diagram 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 High-temperature oxidation of metals 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Direct corrosion 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 The rate of oxidation 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.3 Oxide film microstructure 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.4 Film growth via diffusion 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.5 Alloys 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Solid-state reactions 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 Spinel formation 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 The kinetics of spinel formation 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Oxidation and reduction 247\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Galvanic cells 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Cell basics 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Standard electrode potentials 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Cell potential and Gibbs energy 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Concentration dependence 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Chemical analysis using galvanic cells 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 pH meters 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Ion selective electrodes 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Oxygen sensors 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Batteries 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 ‘Dry’ and alkaline primary batteries 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Lithium-ion primary batteries 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 The lead–acid secondary battery 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Lithium-ion secondary batteries 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Lithium–air batteries 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Fuel cells 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Corrosion 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 The reaction of metals with water and aqueous acids 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Dissimilar metal corrosion 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Single metal electrochemical corrosion 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Electrolysis 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Electrolytic cells 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Electroplating 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 The amount of product produced during electrolysis 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 The electrolytic preparation of titanium by the FFC Cambridge Process 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Pourbaix diagrams 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Passivation, corrosion and leaching 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 The stability field of water 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Pourbaix diagram for a metal showing two valence states, M2þ and M3þ 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.4 Pourbaix diagram displaying tendency for corrosion 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 279\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Mechanical properties of solids 281\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Strength and hardness 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Strength 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Stress and strain 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Stress–strain curves 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Toughness and stiffness 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.5 Superelasticity 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.6 Hardness 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Elastic moduli 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Young’s modulus (the modulus of elasticity) (E or Y) 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Poisson’s ratio (n) 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 The longitudinal or axial modulus (L or M) 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G or m) 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.5 The bulk modulus, K or B 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.6 The Lame modulus (l) 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.7 Relationships between the elastic moduli 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.8 Ultrasonic waves in elastic solids 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Deformation and fracture 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Brittle fracture 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Plastic deformation of metals 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Dislocation movement and plastic deformation 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Brittle and ductile materials 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Plastic deformation of polymers 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6 Fracture following plastic deformation 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.7 Strengthening 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.8 Computation of deformation and fracture 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Time-dependent properties 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Fatigue 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Creep 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Nanoscale properties 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Solid lubricants 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Auxetic materials 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Thin films and nanowires 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Composite materials 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Young’s modulus of large particle composites 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Young’s modulus of fibre-reinforced composites 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Young’s modulus of a two-phase system 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Insulating solids 327\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Dielectrics 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Relative permittivity and polarisation 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Polarisability 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Polarisability and relative permittivity 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4 The frequency dependence of polarisability and relative permittivity 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5 The relative permittivity of crystals 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics and ferroelectrics 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 The piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Crystal symmetry and the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Piezoelectric mechanisms 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Quartz oscillators 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Piezoelectric polymers 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Ferroelectrics 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Ferroelectric crystals 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Hysteresis and domain growth in ferroelectric crystals 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Antiferroelectrics 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 The temperature dependence of ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 Ferroelectricity due to hydrogen bonds 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.6 Ferroelectricity due to polar groups 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.7 Ferroelectricity due to medium-sized transition-metal cations 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.8 Poling and polycrystalline ferroelectric solids 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.9 Doping and modification of properties 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.10 Relaxor ferroelectrics 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.11 Ferroelectric nanoparticles, thin films and superlattices 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.12 Flexoelectricity in ferroelectrics 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Magnetic solids 361\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Magnetic materials 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Characterisation of magnetic materials 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Magnetic dipoles and magnetic flux 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Atomic magnetism 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.4 Overview of magnetic materials 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Paramagnetic materials 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 The magnetic moment of paramagnetic atoms and ions 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 High and low spin: crystal field effects 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Temperature dependence of paramagnetic susceptibility 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Pauli paramagnetism 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Ferromagnetic materials 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Ferromagnetism 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Exchange energy 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Domains 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Hysteresis 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Hard and soft magnetic materials 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Antiferromagnetic materials and superexchange 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Ferrimagnetic materials 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Cubic spinel ferrites 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Garnet structure ferrites 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Hexagonal ferrites 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Double exchange 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Nanostructures 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Small particles and data recording 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Superparamagnetism and thin films 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Superlattices 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4 Photoinduced magnetism 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Magnetic defects 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Magnetic defects in semiconductors 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Charge and spin states in cobaltites and manganites 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Electronic conductivity in solids 399\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Metals 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Metals, semiconductors and insulators 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Electron drift in an electric field 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.3 Electronic conductivity 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.4 Resistivity 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Semiconductors 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Intrinsic semiconductors 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Band gap measurement 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Extrinsic semiconductors 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Carrier concentrations in extrinsic semiconductors 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5 Characterisation 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.6 The p-n junction diode 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Metal–insulator transitions 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Metals and insulators 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Electron–electron repulsion 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Modification of insulators 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Transparent conducting oxides 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Conducting polymers 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Nanostructures and quantum confinement of electrons 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Quantum wells 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Quantum wires and quantum dots 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Superconductivity 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Superconductors 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 The effect of magnetic fields 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 The effect of current 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.4 The nature of superconductivity 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.5 Josephson junctions 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.6 Cuprate high-temperature superconductors 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Optical aspects of solids 445\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Light 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Light waves 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Photons 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Sources of light 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Incandescence 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Luminescence and phosphors 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Solid-state lasers 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Colour and appearance 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Luminous solids 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Non-luminous solids 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Attenuation 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Refraction and dispersion 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Refraction 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Refractive index and structure 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 The refractive index of metals and semiconductors 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Dispersion 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Reflection 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Reflection from a surface 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Reflection from a single thin film 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 The reflectivity of a single thin film in air 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4 The colour of a single thin film in air 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.5 The colour of a single thin film on a substrate 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.6 Low-reflectivity (antireflection) and high-reflectivity coatings 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.7 Multiple thin films and dielectric mirrors 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Scattering 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Rayleigh scattering 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Mie scattering 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Diffraction 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.1 Diffraction by an aperture 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.2 Diffraction gratings 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.3 Diffraction from crystal-like structures 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.4 Photonic crystals 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Fibre optics 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.1 Optical communications 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.2 Attenuation in glass fibres 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.3 Dispersion and optical fibre design 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.4 Optical amplification 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Energy conversion 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9.1 Photoconductivity and photovoltaic solar cells 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9.2 Dye sensitized solar cells 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Nanostructures 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10.1 The optical properties of quantum wells 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10.2 The optical properties of nanoparticles 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Thermal properties 495\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Heat capacity 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 The heat capacity of a solid 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Classical theory of heat capacity 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Quantum theory of heat capacity 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.4 Heat capacity at phase transitions 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Thermal conductivity 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Heat transfer 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Thermal conductivity of solids 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Thermal conductivity and microstructure 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Expansion and contraction 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Thermal expansion 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Thermal expansion and interatomic potentials 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Thermal contraction 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Zero thermal contraction materials 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Thermoelectric effects 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Thermoelectric coefficients 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Thermoelectric effects and charge carriers 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 The Seebeck coefficient of solids containing point defect populations 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.4 Thermocouples, power generation and refrigeration 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 The magnetocaloric effect 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 The magnetocaloric effect and adiabatic cooling 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 The giant magnetocaloric effect 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART 5 NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 517\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Radioactivity and nuclear reactions 519\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Radioactivity 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Naturally occurring radioactive elements 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Isotopes and nuclides 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.3 Nuclear equations 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.4 Radioactive series 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.5 Nuclear stability 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Artificial radioactive atoms 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Transuranic elements 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Artificial radioactivity in light elements 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Nuclear decay 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 The rate of nuclear decay 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Radioactive dating 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Nuclear energy 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 The binding energy of nuclides 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Nuclear fission 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Thermal reactors for power generation 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Fuel for space exploration 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.5 Fast breeder reactors 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.6 Fusion 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.7 Solar cycles 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Nuclear waste 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Nuclear accidents 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 The storage of nuclear waste 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems and exercises 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubject Index 543\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e“Summing Up: Recommended.  Lower-division undergraduates and two-year technical program students.”  (\u003ci\u003eChoice\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 February 2014)\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRichard J. D. Tilley\u003c\/strong\u003e D. Sc, Ph. D, is Emeritus Professor in the School of Engineering at the University of Cardiff, Wales, U.K. He has published extensively in the area of solid-state materials science, including four books for Wiley, 180 papers, and 15 fifteen book chapters.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePraise for the First Edition\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e“Tilley offers an extremely wide-ranging useful book that is accessible to anyone with a firm grasp of high school science...this is an outstanding and affordable resource for the lifelong learner or current student.”--\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cb\u003eChoice, June 2005\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e“invaluable as a source of information on a wide range of materials.”--\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaterials World, August 2005\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtensive new coverage of:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eComputational science and engineering\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNanoscale properties\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePoint defects\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAdvances in crystallography related topics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere have been radical developments in the study of solid state materials over the past 10 years – think batteries, solar cells, graphene, carbon nanotubes – and this new edition has been meticulously updated to reflect these advances. Retaining the structure of the highly- egarded first edition, it contains five parts covering: structures and microstructures; classes of materials; reactions and transformations; physical properties; and nuclear  properties of solids.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach chapter is self-contained to encourage student understanding and to reinforce key concepts, and includes further reading, problems and exercises. Additional resources are available online, including supplementary material, colour figures, solutions to the introductory questions, and problems and exercises.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEqually accessible to both science and engineering students, \u003ci\u003eUnderstanding Solids, Second Edition\u003c\/i\u003e provides an invaluable foundation in the physical and chemical properties of solids, and is essential for those studying materials science, physics, chemistry and engineering.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNew Topics Include\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eLithium-air batteries\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFlexoelectricity\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCrystal field effects\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePhotoinduced magnetism\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDye sensitized solar cells\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eZero thermal expanding solids\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eRadio-isotope dating\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComputer simulations\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eQuasicrystals\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePiezoelectricity\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCuprate superconductors\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990432956645,"sku":"NP9781118423462","price":64.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118423462.jpg?v=1761787807","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/understanding-solids-isbn-9781118423462","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}