{"product_id":"transformation-products-of-emerging-contaminants-in-the-environment-isbn-9781118339596","title":"Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment","description":"\u003cp\u003eOver the last 15 years, the focus of chemical pollution has shifted from conventional pollutants to so-called “emerging” or “new” unregulated contaminants. These include pharmaceuticals and personal care products, hormones, UV filters, perfluorinated compounds, poylybrominated flame retardants (BFRs), pesticides, plasticizers, artificial sweeteners, illicit drugs, and endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs). Despite the increasing number of published studies covering emerging contaminants, we know almost nothing about the effects of their transformation products and\/or metabolites.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis two-volume set provides a unique collection of research on transformation products, their occurrence, fate and risks in the environment. It contains 32 chapters, organised into 7 parts, each with a distinct focus:\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • General Considerations\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Transformation Processes and Treatment Strategies\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Analytical Strategies\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Occurrence, Fate and Effects in the Environment\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Global Speciality and Environmental Status\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Risk Assessment, Management and Regulatory Framework\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Outlook\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTransformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e is a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals in environmental chemistry, analytical chemistry, ecotoxicology, environmental sciences, and hydrology, as well as environmental consultants and regulatory bodies.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVOLUME 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Classifying the Transformation Products (TPs) of Emerging Contaminants (ECs) for Prioritizing Research into their Impact on the Environment and Human Health 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJacek Namiesnik, Lidia Wolska, Radosaw Czernych, Grazyna Gaeziowska and Monia Cieszynska\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Emerging Contaminants – Emerging Problem 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Transformation Products of ECs 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Minimizing Environmental Risk of ECs and their TPs 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Transformation Products of Emerging Organic Compounds as Future Groundwater and Drinking Water Contaminants 65\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMarianne E. Stuart and Dan J. Lapworth\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Sources and Pathways of Emerging Contaminants to Groundwater 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Persistence in the Groundwater Environment 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Emerging Contaminants and their Transformation Products in Groundwater 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Toxicity and Risk Assessment 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusions 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART II TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Phototransformation Processes of Emerging Contaminants in Surface Water 89\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eDavide Vione and Serge Chiron\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Direct Photolysis and Sensitised Reactions in the Transformation of Emerging Contaminants 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The Case of Photonitration 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Towards the Modelling of Phototransformation Kinetics in Surface Water 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants upon Reaction with Conventional Water Disinfection Oxidants 123\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJose Benito Quintana, Rosario Rodil and Isaac Rodr©¥guez\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Analytical Methodology for Transformation Products Identification 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Factors Influencing the Kinetics of Chlorination 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Overview of Typical Reaction Mechanisms During Free Chlorine Treatments 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Review of Current Knowledge of Emerging Pollutant Reactions with Free Chlorine 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Other Disinfection Agents 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusions and Outlook 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Approaches to Water andWastewater Treatment for Removal of Emerging Contaminants: Ongoing Research and Recommendations for Future Work 161\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSixto Malato, P. Fernandez-Ibanez, I. Oller, L. Prieto-Rodriguez, S. Miralles-Cuevas and Alejandro Cabrera-Reina\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Ozonation 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Membrane Processes 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 AOPs Including Solar AOPs 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants Formed during Advanced Oxidation Processes 179\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eIoannis K. Konstantinou, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Maria Antonopoulou\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Pesticides 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Phthalate Esters 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Pharmaceutical Compounds 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Others 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Conclusion 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Enzymatic Reactors Applied for the Biotransformation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 229\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJ.M. Lema, M.T. Moreira, G. Eibes, T. Lu-Chau, L. Lloret, R. Taboada, A. Arca-Ramos and G. Feijoo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 White-Rot Fungi and Their Lignin Modifying Enzymes 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Enzymatic Reactors 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Determination of Transformation Products from the Enzymatic Treatment of EDCs 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Biologically Mediated Chiral Inversion of Emerging Contaminants 261\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eStuart J. Khan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Changes in Enantiomeric Composition During Biological Transformation Processes 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Evidence for Biologically Mediated Chiral Inversion 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Implications and Priorities for Future Research 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART III ANALYTICAL STRATEGIES 281\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Quality Issues in Water Sampling, Sample Pre-Treatment and Monitoring 283\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSara Bogialli, Stefano Polesello and Sara Valsecchi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Monitoring of Transformation Products in Water Bodies 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Sample Representativeness and Stability Issues 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Identification of Transformation Products and Legislative Requirements 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Conclusions 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants: Analytical Challenges and Future Needs 303\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eB. Zonja, J. Acena, A. Jelic, M. Petrovic, S. Perez and D. Barcelo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Generation, Detection and Identification of Transformation Products at Lab Scale: An Analytical Challenge 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Quantitative Analysis of TPs in the Environment 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Evaluation of the Toxicity of TPs 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Conclusions and Future Needs 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Advanced Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques for the Identification and Structure Elucidation of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants 325\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003ePaola Calza and Fabbri Debora\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Potential and Differences Among the Different MS Systems for Determining Unknown Compounds 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 How to Proceed in the Structural Attribution 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Accurate Mass Screening and Identification of Emerging Contaminants in Environmental Samples: Some Cases Studied 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusions 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Applications of NMR Techniques for the Identification and Structure Elucidation of Emerging Organic and Other Xenobiotic Organic Contaminants 351\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAlfred Preiss and Markus Godejohann\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Basic Techniques 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Applications 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Conclusions 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Abbreviations 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 385\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVOLUME 2\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART IV OCCURRENCE, FATE AND EFFECTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eAN OVERVIEW OF MAJOR CLASSES 385\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 Transformation Products of Pesticides in the Environment: Analysis and Occurrence 387\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAna Aguera Lopez, Marya del Mar Gomez Ramos, and Amadeo R. Fernandez-Alba\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Transformation of Pesticides in the Environment 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Analytical Techniques Used in the Identification and Analysis of TPs 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Occurrence of Pesticide TPs in the Environment 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Concluding Remarks 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 Metabolites and Transformation Products of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment as Contaminants of Emerging Concern 425\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eI. Michael, M.I. Vasquez, E. Hapeshi, T. Haddad, E. Baginska, K. Kummerer, and D. Fatta-Kassinos\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Human Metabolites in the Aquatic Environment 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Biotransformation Products in the Aquatic Environment 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Transformation of Pharmaceuticals During Photolysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conclusions and Outlook 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 Transformation Products of Personal Care Products: UV Filters Case Studies 471\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eKristina Pestotnik, Tina Kosjek, and Ester Heath\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Main Physico-Chemical Parameters of UV Filters and their Influence on Environmental Behaviour 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Occurrence of UV Filter Residues 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Fate of UV Filter Residues 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Analytical Methods for Identification of Transformation Products 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Effects and Toxicity of UV Filters and their Transformation Products in the Environment 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Conclusions and Future Strategies 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 Transformation Products of Illicit Drugs 505\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eDimitra A. Lambropoulou and Eleni Evgenidou\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Fate and Treatment of IDs and Their Metabolites\/TPs 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Analytical Methods and Detection 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Occurrence of IDs and their Metabolites\/TPs in the Environment 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Ecotoxicity of IDs and Their Metabolites\/TPs 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Sewage Epidemiology 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Concluding Remarks 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 Transformation Products of Artificial Sweeteners 537\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMarco Scheurer, Heinz-Jurgen Brauch, and Frank Thomas Lange\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Processes Leading to the Formation of Artificial Sweetener Transformation Products 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Summary and Conclusions 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 Transformation Products of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) 557\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAlin C. Dirtu, Alin C. Ionas, Govindan Malarvannan, and Adrian Covaci\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Transformation Products of PBDEs 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Transformation Products of HBCDs 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Transformation Products of TBBPA 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Transformation Products of NBFRs 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 Transformation Products of Alkylphenols 589\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMontserrat Cortina-Puig, Gabino Bolyvar-Subirats, Carlos Barata, and Silvia Lacorte\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Alkylphenols: Types, Properties and Uses 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Transformation of Alkylphenols and Identification of Transformation Products 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Occurrence of Alkylphenol Transformation Products in the Environment 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Risks and Effects of Alkylphenols and their Transformation Products in the Environment 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Conclusions 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 Biotic and Abiotic Transformation Processes of Benzotriazoles: Possible Pathways and Products 625\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eDimitra Voutsa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Biotic Degradation Processes 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Abiotic Transformation Processes 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Future Research Needs 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 Identification (Quantitative Determination and Detection) and Fate of Transformation Products of Rocket Fuel 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 639\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eBulat Kenessov, Lars Carlsen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction\/Background 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Identification of Transformation Products of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Distribution and Fate of Transformation Products of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine in Soil at Fall Sites 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Analytical Methods Applied in the Monitoring 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Conclusion 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 Assessment of the Occurrence and Fate of Transformation Products of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds EDCs in the Environment 661\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eVasiliki Boti, Vasilios Sakkas, and Triantafyllos Albanis\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) of Concern 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Environmental Fate and Transformation of EDCs 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Analytical Methodology 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Occurrence and Endocrine Disruption Effects of the TPs of Selected EDCs 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Future Needs –Recommendations 680\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 Transformation Products of Hazardous Cyanobacterial Metabolites in Water 687\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnastasia Hiskia, Theodoros M. Triantis, Maria G. Antoniou, Armah A. de la Cruz, Kevin O'Shea, Weihua Song, Theodora Fotiou, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Xuexiang He, Joel Andersen, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Cyanobacterial Secondary Metabolites 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Transformation Products of Cyanobacterial Metabolites in Water 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Research Gaps, Recent Trends and Future Needs 710\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART V GLOBAL SPACIALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 721\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 Occurrence of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in Water Resources 723\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eCarlos GonScalves, Maria A.D. de Sousa, and Maria de Fatima Alpendurada\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Brief Introduction on the Sources of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants 723\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Transformation Products in Natural Waters: From Contamination Sources to Drinking Water Production 725\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Wastewaters as a Major Source of Transformation Products 744\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Origin and Presence of Transformation Products in Drinking Water 750\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Ubiquity and Regio-Specificity of Transformation Products 752\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants: Fate and Behavior 753\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7 Conclusions 756\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 758\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 Occurrence of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in Water Resources of the United States 763\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eImma Ferrer and E. Michael Thurman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction: Emerging Contaminants 763\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 State-of-the-Art Techniques for the Identification of Emerging Contaminants and Their Transformation Products 764\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Use of Accurate Mass Tools for the Identification of Emerging Contaminants 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Occurrence of Transformation Products in Environmental Waters in the US 779\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 782\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 Spatial Modeling for Elucidation of Perfluorinated Compound Sources and Fate in a Watershed 787\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eYasuyuki Zushi and Shigeki Masunaga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 787\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Source Identification of PFCs Using GIS 792\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Spatial Distribution of PFOS and PFOA Contributed by Nonpoint Sources 798\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Conclusion 804\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 805\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 805\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 Global Distribution of Polyfluoroalkyl and Perfluoroalkyl Substances and their Transformation Products in Environmental Solids 809\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eHolly Lee and Scott A. Mabury\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Introduction 809\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Global Contamination of PFASs in Environmental Solid Matrices 813\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Fate of PFASs in Environmental Solids 821\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Uptake into Vegetation 827\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Summary and Future Outlook 829\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 830\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART VI RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 839\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 Toxicity and Risk of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants for Aquatic Organisms: Pharmaceutical Case Studies 841\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMarina DellaGreca, Marina Isidori, Fabio Temussi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 841\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Photolysis in the Environment: Pharmaceutical Case Studies 844\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Effect-Driven Approach 844\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Exposure-Driven Approach 853\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Conclusion 867\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 868\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship\/Quantitative Structure– Toxicity Relationship (QSAR\/QSTR) Modeling as Tools for Assessing Effects and Predicting Risks of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants 871\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eLars Carlsen and Bulat Kenessov\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Introduction 871\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 The Toolbox 873\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 Environmental Behavior 876\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 Ecotoxicological Effect 879\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5 Effects on Humans 880\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6 Conclusions 885\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 885\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 Steps Toward a Regulatory Framework for Transformation Products in Water 889\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMaria D. Hernando Guil, Maria J. Martýnez-Bueno, Laura Duran, Jose M. Navas and Amadeo R. Fernandez-Alba\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 Introduction 889\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 Scientific Advances and Technical Knowledge of Transformation Products. Relevant Cases of Study 891\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3 Toxicological Considerations in Assessing Mixtures of Chemicals and Significance of Transformation Products in EU Regulations. Interaction Between Regulatory Frameworks 906\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 908\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 NORMAN Association: A Network Approach to Scientific Collaboration on Emerging Contaminants and their Transformation Products in Europe 915\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJaroslav Slobodnik and Valeria Dulio\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1 Introduction 915\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2 The NORMAN Network as a Science-to-Policy Interface 917\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3 Effect-Directed Analysis for Identification of Relevant Emerging Contaminants and their Transformation Products in Complex Environmental Samples 921\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4 Quality Control Aspects 924\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5 Conclusions 925\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 926\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 926\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART VII OUTLOOK 929\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 Outlook 931\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1 General Remarks 931\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2 Gaps, Recommendations and Future Needs 933\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 937\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEditors\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eDimitra A. Lambropoulou\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eDepartment of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeo M. L. Nollet\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eEmeritus, Faculty of Applied Engineering Sciences, University College Ghent, Belgium\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eOver the last 15 years, the focus of chemical pollution has shifted from conventional pollutants to so-called “emerging” or “new” unregulated contaminants. These include pharmaceuticals and personal care products, hormones, UV filters, perfluorinated compounds, poylybrominated flame retardants (BFRs), pesticides, plasticizers, artificial sweeteners, illicit drugs, and endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs). Despite the increasing number of published studies covering emerging contaminants, we know almost nothing about the effects of their transformation products and\/or metabolites.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis two-volume set provides a unique collection of research on transformation products, their occurrence, fate and risks in the environment. It contains 32 chapters, organised into 7 parts, each with a distinct focus:\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • General Considerations\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Transformation Processes and Treatment Strategies\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Analytical Strategies\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Occurrence, Fate and Effects in the Environment\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Global Speciality and Environmental Status\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Risk Assessment, Management and Regulatory Framework\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Outlook\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTransformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e is a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals in environmental chemistry, analytical chemistry, ecotoxicology, environmental sciences, and hydrology, as well as environmental consultants and regulatory bodies.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990405988581,"sku":"NP9781118339596","price":435.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118339596.jpg?v=1761787698","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/transformation-products-of-emerging-contaminants-in-the-environment-isbn-9781118339596","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}