{"product_id":"toxicology-of-cyanides-and-cyanogens-isbn-9781119978534","title":"Toxicology of Cyanides and Cyanogens","description":"The basic and applied toxicology of cyanides and cyanogens has widespread commercial, occupational, environmental, clinical, forensic, military, and public health implications.  This book provides a detailed and updated reference describing the properties, uses, general and human toxicology, clinical recognition, diagnosis and medical management, and countermeasures is therefore required in academic, medical, occupational, environmental, medico-legal, regulatory, emergency response, and military arenas. Edited by a world-renowned team of experts from academia, defense and industry, this book will be an invaluable reference for professionals, researchers and students in cyanide and cyanogens. \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Acute cyanide toxicity 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndrea R. Allen, Lamont Booker, and Gary A. Rockwood\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Pharmacokinetic properties of cyanide 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Pharmacodynamic properties of cyanide 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Acute cyanide toxicity – routes of administration 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Neurological and behavioral effects following acute cyanide exposure 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Summary 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Chronic cyanide exposure 21\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJason D. Downey, Kelly A. Basi, Margaret R. DeFreytas, and Gary A. Rockwood\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Sources of chronic cyanide exposure 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Chronic cyanide exposure in human disease 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Experimental models of chronic cyanide exposure 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusion 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Physicochemical properties synthesis applications and transport 41\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid E. Thompson and Ilona Petrikovics\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Natural sources of cyanide 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Isolation and characterization of cyanide 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Industrial production of cyanide 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Applications and uses of cyanide 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Cyanide metabolism and physiological disposition 54\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGary E. Isom, Joseph L. Borowitz, and Alan H. Hall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Metabolism and toxicokinetics 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Non-enzymatic detoxification of cyanide 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Diseases associated with altered cyanide metabolism 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Metabolism and endogenous generation of cyanide 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Biochemical mechanisms of cyanide toxicity 70\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGary E. Isom and Joseph L. Borowitz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Cytochrome oxidase inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Oxidative stress and inhibition of cellular oxidative defense 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Cyanide-induced changes in cellular Ca2+ regulation 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Cyanide-induced cell death and post-intoxication lesions 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Alteration of intermediary metabolism and lactic acidosis 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Conclusion 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Environmental toxicology of cyanide 82\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eSamantha L. Malone, Linda L. Pearce, and Jim Peterson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Environmentally relevant chemistry of cyanides 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Occupational concerns 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Ground\/surface water 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Exposure to cyanogens through diet 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Dietary health hazards 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Cassava consumption 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Fires and smoke 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Conclusion 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Cyanide in the production of long-term adverse health effects in humans 98\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJulie Cliff, Hipolito Nzwalo, and Humberto Muquingue\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Long-term adverse health effects 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Conclusions 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Pediatric cyanide poisoning 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRobert J. Geller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Sources of acute cyanide poisoning in children 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Manifestations of acute cyanide poisoning 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Cyanide antidotes 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusion 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Sodium nitroprusside in intensive care medicine and issues of cyanide poisoning cyanide poisoning prophylaxis and \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003ethiocyanate poisoning 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrasad Abraham, Alissa Lockwood, John Patka, Marina Rabinovich, Jennifer Sutherland, and Katleen Chester\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 History 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Mechanism of action 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Metabolism 130\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e9.5 Evidence for CN− toxicity associated with SNP 132\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e9.6 Incidence of CN− toxicity 134\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e9.7 Challenges associated with CN−monitoring 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Safe use of SNP – clinical monitoring 141\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e9.9 Prevention and treatment of CN−toxicity 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Conclusions 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Disclosure 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Smoke inhalation 151\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan H. Hall and Stephen W. Borron\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Cyanide in smoke inhalation 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Plasma lactate levels as a screening assay 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Exhaled breath cyanide meters 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Cobinamide colorimetric quantitative\/qualitative blood cyanide measurements 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Additional information 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Occupational exposure to cyanide 158\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eTee L. Guidotti\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Firefighters 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Hazmat and counter-terrorism 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Other occupations 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Illicit operations using cyanide 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Cyanogenic aliphatic nitriles 166\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eStephen W. Borron\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Overview 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Toxicology 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Case reports of human toxicity of specific nitriles 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Antidotal treatment 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Summary 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 179\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 The special case of acrylonitrile (CH2=CH–C≡N) 181\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDana B. Mirkin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction – clinical vignettes 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Physical and chemical properties 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 History – preparation – manufacture 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Occurrence 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Compounds and uses 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Hazardous exposures 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Toxicokinetics 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Mode of action 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Clinical effects 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Diagnosis – toxicity 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Treatment – antidote 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Biological monitoring 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Exposure limits 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Cyanide in chemical warfare and terrorism 195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRené Pita\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Cyanides as chemical warfare agents 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Cyanide and chemical terrorism 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Conclusions 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Cyanide-induced neural dysfunction and neurodegeneration 209\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGary E. Isom and Joseph L. Borowitz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Cyanide exposure and manifestations of toxicity 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Cyanide-induced histotoxic hypoxia and metabolic dysfunction 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Neurochemical actions of cyanide in the nervous system 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Cyanide-induced brain injury and neurodegeneration 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Endogenous cyanide generation in CNS 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Cyanide-induced neurological disorders 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Conclusion 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Cyanides and cardiotoxicity 224\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJ.-L. Fortin, T. Desmettre, P. Luporsi, and G. Capellier\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Physiopathology 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Clinical aspects 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Treatment 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Conclusion 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Respiratory effects of cyanide 232\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eA. Eisenkraft, A. Falk, and Y. Bentur\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Background 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Mechanisms of the respiratory effects of cyanide 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Clinical manifestations and animal studies 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Management of cyanide poisoning and its respiratory effects 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Conclusion 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 The analysis of cyanide in biological samples 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrian A. Logue and Brendan L. Mitchell\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Biological matrices 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Sample storage 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Sample preparation 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Spectroscopy 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Gas chromatography 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 High-performance liquid chromatography 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Capillary electrophoresis 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Electrochemical methods 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Sensors 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 Cyanide metabolites 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 Insights on cyanide analysis 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Postmortem pathological and biochemical diagnosis of cyanide poisoning 268\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDaniel Lugassy and Lewis Nelson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Cyanide pathology and antemortem presentation 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Exposures 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Autopsy features 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Biochemical analysis 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Risk to autopsy staff 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Medicolegal and forensic factors in cyanide poisoning 276\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJorn Chi-Chung Yu and Ashraf Mozayani\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Forensic practice for the investigation of cyanide poisoning 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Discussion 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Conclusion 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Brief overview of mechanisms of cyanide antagonism and cyanide antidotes in current clinical use 283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan H. Hall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Methemoglobin inducers 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Sulfur donors 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Direct cyanide chelating agents 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Conclusion 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Cyanide antidotes in clinical use: 4-dimethylaminophenol (4-DMAP) 288\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan H. Hall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Mechanism of action 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Experimental data 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Published clinical data 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Adverse\/side effects 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Conclusions 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Cyanide antidotes in clinical use: dicobalt EDTA (Kelocyanor®) 292\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan H. Hall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Mechanism of action 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Experimental data 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Published clinical data 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Adverse\/side effects 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Conclusions 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Amyl nitrite sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate 296\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRichard J. Geller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 History and chemistry 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Theoretical bases for use\/mechanism of action 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Pharmacokinetics 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 How supplied 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Indication and dosing of intravenous antidotes 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Adverse effects 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7 Conclusions 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Cyanide antidotes in current clinical use: hydroxocobalamin 304\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan H. Hall and Stephen W. Borron\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Background and historical perspective 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Pharmacology 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Experimental animal studies 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Human experience 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Dosage and route of administration 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Adverse effects 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7 Laboratory interferences 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8 Comparison with other antidotes 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.9 Conclusion 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Cyanide antidotes in development and new methods to monitor cyanide toxicity 309\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMatthew Brenner, Sari Mahon-Brenner, Steven E. Patterson, Gary A. Rockwood, and Gerry R. Boss\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Cobinamide and sulfanegen 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Other cyanide antidotes in development 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 New research methods to diagnose and monitor cyanide poisoning and therapy 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Conclusions 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Recent perspectives on alpha-ketoglutarate 317\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eR. Bhattacharya\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Cyanide toxicity and its treatment 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 A-KG as a cyanide antidote 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 The need for an oral antidote 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 A-KG as an oral antidote 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6 Some key functions of A-KG 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7 Efficacy of A-KG against other toxins 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8 Role of A-KG as a nutritional supplement 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9 Conclusion 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Azide poisonings 330\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas L. Kurt and Wendy Klein-Schwartz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Lack of cyanide antidote efficacy 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Uses of sodium azide 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Review of reported sodium azide human poisoning cases 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Human experimental exposures to sodium azide and hydrazoic acid 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 Signs and symptoms 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7 Fatal cases 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8 Historical perspective 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9 Mechanism(s) of action 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.10 Autopsy findings 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.11 Other outcomes 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.12 Occupational health issues 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.13 Occupational\/environmental exposure limits\/recommendations 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.14 Laboratory evaluation 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.15 Conclusion 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict of interest 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eAlan H. Hall\u003c\/b\u003e Toxicology Consulting and Medical Translating Services, Inc., USA\u003cbr\u003eDepartment of Health \u0026amp; Human Services, Colorado School of Public Health, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eGary E. Isom\u003c\/b\u003e Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Purdue University, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eGary A. Rockwood\u003c\/b\u003e Analytical Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, USA \u003cp\u003eThe basic and applied toxicology of cyanides and cyanogens has widespread commercial, occupational, environmental, clinical, forensic, military, and public health implications. \u003ci\u003eToxicology of Cyanides and Cyanogens: Experimental, Applied, and Clinical Aspects\u003c\/i\u003e provides a detailed and updated reference describing the properties, uses, toxicology, clinical recognition, diagnosis and medical management, and countermeasures for this important group of compounds.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e• This comprehensive up-to-date reference will serve as a compendium of information on cyanide and cyanide-related compounds.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e• Reviews all aspects of cyanide toxicology and gives detailed accounts of its effects on different organ systems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e• Describes the biochemical basis and mechanisms of cyanide poisoning and the development of new antidotes and analytical procedures.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e• Covers accidental cyanide poisoning, both at work and in the home, as well as deliberate use of cyanides in warfare, murder, and suicide.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e• Describes cyanogens, their sources, mode of action, and treatments in addition to a detailed compendium of the major naturally occurring cyanogens.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEdited by a world-renowned team of experts in academia, defense and industry. This book is an invaluable reference for professionals; researchers and students in environmental, medical, and forensic toxicology; risk management; chemical warfare and defense.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990400057573,"sku":"NP9781119978534","price":218.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119978534.jpg?v=1761787673","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/toxicology-of-cyanides-and-cyanogens-isbn-9781119978534","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}