{"product_id":"theory-and-design-for-mechanical-measurements-isbn-9781119723455","title":"Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTheory and Design for Mechanical Measurements\u003c\/i\u003e merges time-tested pedagogy with current technology to deliver an immersive, accessible resource for both students and practicing engineers. Emphasizing statistics and uncertainty analysis with topical integration throughout, this book establishes a strong foundation in measurement theory while leveraging the e-book format to increase student engagement with interactive problems, electronic data sets, and more. This new Seventh edition has been updated with new practice problems, electronically accessible solutions, and dedicated Instructor Problems that ease course planning and assessment.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtensive coverage of device selection, test procedures, measurement system performance, and result reporting and analysis sets the field for generalized understanding, while practical discussion of data acquisition hardware, infrared imaging, and other current technologies demonstrate real-world methods and techniques. Designed to align with a variety of undergraduate course structures, this unique text offers a highly flexible pedagogical framework while remaining rigorous enough for use in graduate studies, independent study, or professional reference. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface v\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eBasic Concepts of measurement methods 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 General Measurement System 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensor and Transducer 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignal-Conditioning Stage 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput Stage 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Template for a Measurement System 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Experimental Test Plan 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise and Interference 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandomization 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplication and Repetition 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcomitant Methods 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Calibration 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatic Calibration 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic Calibration 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatic Sensitivity 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange and Span 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResolution 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccuracy and Error 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom and Systematic Errors and Uncertainty 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequential Test 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHysteresis 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom Test 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinearity Error 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity and Zero Errors 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstrument Repeatability 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproducibility 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstrument Precision 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall Instrument Error and Instrument Uncertainty 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVerification and Validation 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Standards 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary Unit Standards 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBase Dimensions and Their Units 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDerived Units 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHierarchy of Standards 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest Standards and Codes 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Presenting Data 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectangular Coordinate Format 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemilog Coordinate Format 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull-Log Coordinate Format 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant Digits 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatic and Dynamic Characteristics Of Signals 35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Input\/Output Signal Concepts 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneralized Behavior 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of Waveforms 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignal Waveforms 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Signal Analysis 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignal Root-Mean-Square Value 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscrete Time or Digital Signals 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Current Offset 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Signal Amplitude and Frequency 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeriodic Signals 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency Analysis 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFourier Series and Coefficients 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFourier Coefficients 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial Case: Functions with \u003ci\u003eT \u003c\/i\u003e= 2π 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven and Odd Functions 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscrete Fourier Transform 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Signals in Frequency Space 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuggested Reading 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeasurement System Behavior 64\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 General Model for a Measurement System 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic Measurements 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement System Model 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Special Cases of the General System Model 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZero-Order Systems 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst-Order Systems 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond-Order Systems 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Transfer Functions 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Phase Linearity 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Multiple-Function Inputs 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Coupled Systems 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Summary 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubscripts 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eProbability and Statistics 97\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Statistical Measurement Theory 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProbability Density Functions 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Describing the Behavior of a Population 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation of the Means 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepeated Tests and Pooled Data 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Hypothesis Testing 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Chi-Squared Distribution 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecision Interval in a Sample Variance 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoodness-of-Fit Test 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Regression Analysis 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast-Squares Regression Analysis 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinear Polynomials 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Data Outlier Detection 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Number of Measurements Required 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Monte Carlo Simulations 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eUncertainty Analysis 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Measurement Errors 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombining Elemental Errors: RSS Method 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign-Stage Uncertainty 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Identifying Error Sources 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalibration Errors 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData-Acquisition Errors 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData-Reduction Errors 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystematic Error 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom Error 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Ways Used to Classify Error and Uncertainty 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Uncertainty Analysis: Multi-Variable Error Propagation 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropagation of Error 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproximating a Sensitivity Index 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequential Perturbation 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonte Carlo Method 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZero-Order Uncertainty 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher-Order Uncertainty 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eN\u003c\/i\u003eth-Order Uncertainty 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropagation of Elemental Errors 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropagation of Uncertainty to a Result 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Correction for Correlated Errors 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty Interval 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnalog Electrical Devices and measurements 174\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Analog Devices: Current Measurements 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Current 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlternating Current 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalog Voltage Meters 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOscilloscope 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotentiometer 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOhmmeter Circuits 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBridge Circuits 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNull Method 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeflection Method 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Loading Errors and Impedance Matching 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoading Errors for Voltage-Dividing Circuit 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterstage Loading Errors 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalog Voltage Comparator 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample-and-Hold Circuit 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharge Amplifier 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4–20 mA Current Loop 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivibrator and Flip-Flop Circuits 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eButterworth Filter Design 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved Butterworth Filter Designs 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBessel Filter Design 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive Filters 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGround and Ground Loops 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShields 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConnecting Wires 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eSampling, Digital Devices, and Data Acquisition 215\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Sampling Concepts 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Rate 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlias Frequencies 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmplitude Ambiguity 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeakage 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaveform Fidelity 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Digital Devices: Bits and Words 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Voltage Measurements 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital-to-Analog Converter 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalog-to-Digital Converter 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuccessive Approximation Converters 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Data Acquisition Systems 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Data Acquisition System Components 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalog Signal Conditioning: Filters and Amplification 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents for Acquiring Data 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Analog Input–Output Communication 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Acquisition Modules 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Digital Input–Output Communication 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Transmission 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversal Serial Bus 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBluetooth Communications 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Serial Communications: RS-232C 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParallel Communications 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Digital Image Acquisition and Processing 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImage Acquisition 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImage Processing 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eTemperature measurements 258\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Background 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Temperature Standards and Definition 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFixed Point Temperatures and Interpolation 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature Scales and Standards 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquid-in-Glass Thermometers 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBimetallic Thermometers 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometry 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance Temperature Detectors 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermistors 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeebeck Effect 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeltier Effect 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThomson Effect 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFundamental Thermocouple Laws 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Temperature Measurement with Thermocouples 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermocouple Standards 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermocouple Voltage Measurement 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple-Junction Thermocouple Circuits 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications for Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement: Heat Flux 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Acquisition Considerations 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Radiative Temperature Measurements 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiation Fundamentals 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiation Detectors 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiometer 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyrometry 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptical Fiber Thermometers 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNarrow-Band Infrared Temperature Measurement 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFundamental Principles 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo-Color Thermometry 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull-Field IR Imaging 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsertion Errors 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConduction Errors 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiation Errors 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiation Shielding 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery Errors in Temperature Measurement 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuggested Reading 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003ePressure and Velocity measurements 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Pressure Concepts 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Pressure Reference Instruments 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMcLeod Gauge 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarometer 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManometer 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeadweight Testers 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Pressure Transducers 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBourdon Tube 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBellows and Capsule Elements 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiaphragms 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiezoelectric Crystal Elements 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Pressure Transducer Calibration 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatic Calibration 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic Calibration 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Pressure Measurement 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatic Pressure Measurement 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Modeling Pressure–Fluid Systems 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquids 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGases 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeavily Damped Systems 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Acoustical Measurements 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignal Weighting 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrophones 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePitot–Static Pressure Probe 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Anemometry 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoppler Anemometry 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticle Image Velocimetry 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelection of Velocity Measuring Methods 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eFlow measurements 357\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Historical Background 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Flow Rate Concepts 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Volume Flow Rate through Velocity Determination 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Pressure Differential Meters 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstruction Meters 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrifice Meter 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenturi Meter 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlow Nozzles 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSonic Nozzles 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstruction Meter Selection 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaminar Flow Elements 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Insertion Volume Flow Meters 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectromagnetic Flow Meters 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVortex Shedding Meters 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotameters 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurbine Meters 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransit Time and Doppler (Ultrasonic) Flow Meters 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive Displacement Meters 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Mass Flow Meters 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Flow Meter 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoriolis Flow Meter 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Flow Meter Calibration and Standards 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Estimating Standard Flow Rate 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eStrain measurement 395\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Stress and Strain 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLateral Strains 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Resistance Strain Gauges 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetallic Gauges 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrain Gauge Construction and Bonding 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemiconductor Strain Gauges 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Multiple Gauge Bridge 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBridge Constant 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature Compensation 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBridge Static Sensitivity 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Considerations 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Strain Gauge Data 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignal Conditioning 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Optical Strain Measuring Techniques 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Characteristics of Light 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotoelastic Measurement 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoiré Methods 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiber Bragg Strain Measurement 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eMechatronics: Sensors, Actuators, and Controls 426\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Sensors 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisplacement Sensors 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement of Acceleration and Vibration 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVelocity Measurements 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAngular Velocity Measurements 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForce Measurement 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTorque Measurements 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Power Measurements 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Actuators 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinear Actuators 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePneumatic and Hydraulic Actuators 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotary Actuators 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlow-Control Valves 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Controls 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic Response 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaplace Transforms 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlock Diagrams 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel for Oven Control 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportional–Integral (PI) Control 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportional–Integral–Derivative Control of a Second-Order System 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Homework Problems P-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Property Data and Conversion Factors A-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB Laplace Transform Basics A-8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.1 Final Value Theorem A-9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2 Laplace Transform Pairs A-9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference A-9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary G-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex I-1\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990380396773,"sku":"NP9781119723455","price":141.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119723455.jpg?v=1761787594","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/theory-and-design-for-mechanical-measurements-isbn-9781119723455","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}