{"product_id":"the-human-microbiota-and-chronic-disease-isbn-9781118982877","title":"The Human Microbiota and Chronic Disease","description":"\u003cp\u003eMicrobiota-associated pathology can be a direct result of changes in general bacterial composition, such as might be found in periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis, and\/or as the result of colonization and\/or overgrowth of so called keystone species. The disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota, or dysbiosis, plays an integral role in human health and human disease.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease: Dysbioses as a Cause of Human Pathology\u003c\/i\u003e discusses the role of the microbiota in maintaining human health. The text introduces the reader to the biology of microbial dysbiosis and its potential role in both bacterial disease and in idiopathic chronic disease states.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivided into five sections, the text delineates the concept of the human bacterial microbiota with particular attention being paid to the microbiotae of the gut, oral cavity and skin. A key methodology for exploring the microbiota, metagenomics, is also described. The book then shows the reader the cellular, molecular and genetic complexities of the bacterial microbiota, its myriad connections with the host and how these can maintain tissue homeostasis. Chapters then consider the role of dysbioses in human disease states, dealing with two of the commonest bacterial diseases of humanity – periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis. The composition of some, if not all microbiotas can be controlled by the diet and this is also dealt with in this section.  The discussion moves on to the major ‘idiopathic’ diseases afflicting humans, and the potential role that dysbiosis could play in their induction and chronicity. The book then concludes with the therapeutic potential of manipulating the microbiota, introducing the concepts of probiotics, prebiotics and the administration of healthy human faeces (faecal microbiota transplantation), and then hypothesizes as to the future of medical treatment viewed from a microbiota-centric position.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eProvides an introduction to dysbiosis, or a disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplains how microbiota-associated pathology and other chronic diseases can result from changes in general bacterial composition\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplores the relationship humans have with their microbiota, and its significance in human health and disease\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers host genetic variants and their role in the composition of human microbial biofilms, integral to the relationship between human health and human disease\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthored and edited by leaders in the field, \u003ci\u003eThe Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease\u003c\/i\u003e will be an invaluable resource for clinicians, pathologists, immunologists, cell and molecular biologists, biochemists, and system biologists studying cellular and molecular bases of human diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 1 An introduction to the human tissue microbiome 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 The human microbiota: an historical perspective 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Wilson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction: the discovery of the human microbiota: why do we care? 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The importance of the indigenous microbiota in health and disease 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The development of technologies for characterising the indigenous microbiota 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Culture‐independent approaches to microbial community analysis 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Determination of microbial community functions 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Closing remarks 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 An introduction to microbial dysbiosis 37\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMike Curtis\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Definition of dysbiosis 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The ‘normal’ microbiota 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Main features of dysbiosis 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusions 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The gut microbiota: an integrated interactive system 55\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHervé M. Blottière and Joël Doré\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Who is there how is it composed? 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 A system in interaction with food 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 A system highly impacted by the host 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 A system in interaction with human cells 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Conclusion: an intriguing integrated interactive system deserving further study 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 The oral microbiota 67\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWilliam G. Wade\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Composition of the oral microbiome 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 The oral microbiota in health 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Role of oral microbiome in disease 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Future outlook 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The skin microbiota 81\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePatrick L.J.M. Zeeuwen and Joost Schalkwijk\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Normal skin 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Skin diseases 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Experimental studies 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Dynamics of the skin microbiome 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Axillary skin microbiome transplantation 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Mouse skin microbiome studies 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Concluding remarks 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Metagenomic analysis of the human microbiome 95\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLuis G. Bermúdez‐Humarán\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 The human microbiome 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Changes in microbiota composition during host life cycles 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 The human microbiome and the environment 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Disease and health implications of microbiome 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Conclusions 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 2 Microbiota-microbiota and microbiota-host interactions in health and disease 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Systems biology of bacteria‐host interactions 115\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlmut Heinken Dmitry A. Ravcheev and Ines Thiele\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Computational analysis of host‐microbe interactions 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Network‐based modeling 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Other computational modeling approaches 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Conclusion 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Bacterial biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms 139\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJessica Snowden\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Biofilms in human disease 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Biofilm formation 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Immune responses to biofilms 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Biofilm immune evasion strategies 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Vaccines and biofilm therapeutics 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Conclusions 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Co‐evolution of microbes and immunity and its consequences for modern‐day life 155\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarkus B. Geuking\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Evolution of the (innate and adaptive) immune system 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Hygiene hypothesis 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 What drives the composition of the microbiota? 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 The pace of evolution 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 How viruses and bacteria have shaped the human genome: the implications for disease 165\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrank Ryan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Genetic symbiosis 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Mitochondria: symbiogenesis in the human 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Viral symbiogenesis 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 HERV proteins 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 The microbiota as an epigenetic control mechanism 179\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBoris A. Shenderov\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Background on epigenetics and epigenomic programming\/ reprograming 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Epigenomics and link with energy metabolism 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 The microbiota as a potential epigenetic modifier 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Epigenetic control of the host genes by pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Epigenetic control of the host genes by indigenous (probiotic) microorganisms 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Concluding remarks and future directions 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 The emerging role of propionibacteria in human health and disease 199\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHolger Brüggemann\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Microbiological features of propionibacteria 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Population structure of P. acnes 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Propionibacteria as indigenous probiotics of the skin 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Propionibacteria as opportunistic pathogens 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Host interacting traits and factors of propionibacteria 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Host responses to P. acnes 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Propionibacterium‐specific bacteriophages 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Concluding remarks 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 3 Dysbioses and bacterial diseases: Metchnikoff’s legacy 215\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 The periodontal diseases: microbial diseases or diseases of the host response? 217\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLuigi Nibali\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 The tooth: a potential breach in the mucosal barrier 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 The periodontium from health to disease 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Periodontitis: one of the most common human diseases 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Periodontal treatment: a non‐specific biofilm disruption 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Microbial etiology 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 The host response in periodontitis 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Conclusions 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 The polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model of periodontal disease pathogenesis 227\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeorge Hajishengallis and Richard J. Lamont\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 A (very) polymicrobial etiology of periodontitis 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Synergism among periodontal bacteria 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Interactions between bacterial communities and epithelial cells 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Manipulation of host immunity 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Conclusions 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 New paradigm in the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic diseases: effects of oral bacteria on the gut microbiota and metabolism 243\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKazuhisa Yamazaki\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Association between periodontal and systemic diseases 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Issues in causal mechanisms of periodontal disease for systemic disease 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 New insights into the mechanisms linking periodontal disease and s ystemic disease 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Effect of oral administration of P. gingivalis on metabolic change and gut microbiota 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Conclusions 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 The vaginal microbiota in health and disease 263\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS. Tariq Sadiq and Phillip Hay\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 What makes a healthy microbiota 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 The vaginal microbiota in disease 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Conclusions 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 4 Dysbioses and chronic diseases: is there a connection? 273\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Reactive arthritis: the hidden bacterial connection 275\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohn D. Carter\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Reactive arthritis 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Pathophysiology of ReA 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Questions remain 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Conclusion 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Rheumatoid arthritis: the bacterial connection 283\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJacqueline Detert\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Predisposition to RA 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 MCH‐HLA and genetic predisposition to RA 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Molecular mimicry in RA 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Innate immune system and RA 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Bystander activation and pattern recognition receptors 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Antibodies and neoepitopes 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Superantigens 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Lps 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Bacterial DNA and peptidoglycans 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 Heat‐shock proteins 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 Toll‐like and bacterial infections 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.13 Proteus mirabilis 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.14 Porphyromonas gingivalis and RA 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.15 Gastrointestinal flora and RA 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.16 Smoking lung infection and RA 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.17 Where to go from here? 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Inflammatory bowel disease and the gut microbiota 301\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNik Ding and Ailsa Hart\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 The microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Dysbiosis and IBD pathogenesis 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Environmental factors affecting microbiome composition 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Genetics and application to the immune system and dysbiosis in IBD 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 An overview of gut microbiota studies in IBD 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Specific bacterial changes in IBD 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Functional composition of microbiota in IBD 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Challenges 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Conclusion 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Ankylosing spondylitis klebsiella and the low‐starch diet 317\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan Ebringer, Taha Rashid and Clyde Wilson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Clinical features of AS 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Gut bacteria and total serum IgA 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Molecular mimicry in AS 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Pullulanase system and collagens 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Specific antibodies to Klebsiella in AS patients 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 The low‐starch diet in AS 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8 Conclusions 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Microbiome of chronic plaque psoriasis 327\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLionel Fry\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Microbiota in psoriasis 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Variation of microbiota with site 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Swabs versus biopsies 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Psoriatic arthritis 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Microbiome and immunity 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 Evidence that the skin microbiome may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 New hypothesis on the pathogenesis of psoriasis 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Liver disease: interactions with the intestinal microbiota 339\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKatharina Brandl and Bernd Schnabl\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Qualitative and quantitative changes in the intestinal microbiota 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Endotoxin 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Ethanol 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Choline 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Alcoholic liver disease 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 The gut microbiota: a predisposing factor in obesity diabetes and atherosclerosis 351\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrida Fåk\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 The “obesogenic” microbiota: evidence from animal models 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 The “obesogenic” microbiota in humans 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 A leaky gut contributing to inflammation and adiposity 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Obesity‐proneness: mediated by the gut microbiota? 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Bacterial metabolites provide a link between bacteria and host metabolism 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Fecal microbiota transplants: can we change our gut bacterial profiles? 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 What happens with the gut microbiota during weight loss? 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9 The “diabetic” microbiota 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.10 The “atherosclerotic” microbiota 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.11 Conclusions 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 The microbiota and susceptibility to asthma 361\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eOlawale Salami and Benjamin J. Marsland\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 The microenvironment of the lower airways 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Development of the airway microbiota in the neonate 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Upper airway microbiota 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 What constitutes a healthy airway microbiota 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Microbiota and asthma 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7 Dietary metabolites and asthma 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8 Conclusion future perspectives and clinical implications 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Microbiome and cancer 371\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRalph Francescone and Débora B. Vendramini‐Costa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Microbiome and cancer: where is the link? 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Microbiome and barrier disruption 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Microbiome and different types of cancer 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Microbiota and metabolism: the good and the bad sides 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Chemotherapy the microbiome and the immune system 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7 Therapeutic avenues 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8 Unresolved questions and future work 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Colorectal cancer and the microbiota 391\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIradj Sobhani and Séverine Couffin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Colon carcinogenesis and epidemiological data 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 The microbiota 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Bacteria and CRCs links 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Hypotheses and perspectives 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 The gut microbiota and the CNS: an old story with a new beginning 409\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAadil Bharwani and Paul Forsythe\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Introduction 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 The microbiota‐gut‐brain axis: a historical framework 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 The microbiota‐gut‐brain axis: an evolutionary perspective 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 The gut microbiota influence on brain and behavior 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Microbes and the hardwired gut brain axis 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6 Hormonal pathways to the brain 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7 Microbes and immune pathways to the brain 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8 Metabolites of the microbiota: short‐chain fatty acids 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9 Clinical implications of the microbiota‐gut‐brain axis 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.10 Conclusion 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Genetic dysbiosis: how host genetic variants may affect microbial b iofilms 431\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLuigi Nibali\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 The holobiont: humans as supra‐organisms 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Genetic variants in the host response to microbes 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Genetic dysbiosis 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Summary and conclusions 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 5 Mirroring the future: dysbiosis therapy 443\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 Diet and dysbiosis 445\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMehrbod Estaki, Candice Quin and Deanna L. Gibson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Introduction 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 Coevolution of the host‐microbiota super‐organism 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 Gut microbiota in personalized diets 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 The evolution of diet 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5 Plasticity of the microbiota and diet 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6 Interaction among gut microbiota host and food 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7 Consequences of diet‐induced dysbiosis for host health 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8 The role of gut microbes on the digestion of macronutrients 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9 Diet induces dysbiosis in the host 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.10 The effect of maternal diet on offspring microbiota 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.11 The effects of post‐natal diet on the developing microbiota of neonates 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.12 Conclusion 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost-food 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 Probiotics and prebiotics: what are they and what can they do for us? 467\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarie‐José Butel Anne‐Judith Waligora‐Dupriet\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 The gut microbiota a partnership with the host 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 Probiotics 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3 Prebiotics 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4 Synbiotics 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5 Pro‐ pre‐ and synbiotics in human medicine today 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6 Concluding remarks 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake-home message 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31 The microbiota as target for therapeutic intervention in pediatric intestinal diseases 483\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndrea Lo Vecchio and Alfredo Guarino\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1 Introduction 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2 Use of probiotics in pediatric intestinal diseases 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3 Fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of intestinal diseases 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4 Conclusion 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32 Microbial therapy for cystic fibrosis 497\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEugenia Bruzzese, Vittoria Buccigrossi, Giusy Ranucci and Alfredo Guarino\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1 Introduction: pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2 Intestinal inflammation in CF 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3 Dysbiosis in CF 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4 Microbial therapy in CF 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.5 Conclusion 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake‐home message 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eLuigi Nibali\u003c\/b\u003e is a Senior Clinical Lecturer in the Clinical Oral Research Centre, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University London in London, UK. \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrian Henderson\u003c\/b\u003e is a Professor of Microbial Diseases in the School of Life and Medical Sciences at University College London in London, UK.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobiota-associated pathology can be a direct result of changes in general bacterial composition, such as might be found in periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis, and\/or as the result of colonization and\/or overgrowth of so called keystone species. The disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota, or dysbiosis, plays an integral role in human health and human disease.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease: Dysbioses as a Cause of Human Pathology\u003c\/i\u003e discusses the role of the microbiota in maintaining human health. The text introduces the reader to the biology of microbial dysbiosis and its potential role in both bacterial disease and in idiopathic chronic disease states.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivided into five sections, the text delineates the concept of the human bacterial microbiota with particular attention being paid to the microbiotae of the gut, oral cavity and skin. A key methodology for exploring the microbiota, metagenomics, is also described. The book then shows the reader the cellular, molecular and genetic complexities of the bacterial microbiota, its myriad connections with the host and how these can maintain tissue homeostasis. Chapters then consider the role of dysbioses in human disease states, dealing with two of the commonest bacterial diseases of humanity – periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis. The composition of some, if not all microbiotas can be controlled by the diet and this is also dealt with in this section.  The discussion moves on to the major ‘idiopathic’ diseases afflicting humans, and the potential role that dysbiosis could play in their induction and chronicity. The book then concludes with the therapeutic potential of manipulating the microbiota, introducing the concepts of probiotics, prebiotics and the administration of healthy human faeces (faecal microbiota transplantation), and then hypothesizes as to the future of medical treatment viewed from a microbiota-centric position.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eProvides an introduction to dysbiosis, or a disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplains how microbiota-associated pathology and other chronic diseases can result from changes in general bacterial composition\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplores the relationship humans have with their microbiota, and its significance in human health and disease\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers host genetic variants and their role in the composition of human microbial biofilms, integral to the relationship between human health and human disease\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthored and edited by leaders in the field, \u003ci\u003eThe Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease\u003c\/i\u003e will be an invaluable resource for clinicians, pathologists, immunologists, cell and molecular biologists, biochemists, and system biologists studying cellular and molecular bases of human diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990261121253,"sku":"NP9781118982877","price":167.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118982877.jpg?v=1761787106","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/the-human-microbiota-and-chronic-disease-isbn-9781118982877","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}