{"product_id":"the-braconid-and-ichneumonid-parasitoid-wasps-isbn-9781118907054","title":"The Braconid and Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ichneumonoidea is a vast and important superfamily of parasitic wasps, with some 60,000 described species and estimated numbers far higher, especially for small-bodied tropical taxa. The superfamily comprises two cosmopolitan families - Braconidae and Ichneumonidae - that have largely attracted separate groups of researchers, and this, to a considerable extent, has meant that understanding of their adaptive features has often been considered in isolation. This book considers both families, highlighting similarities and differences in their\u003cbr\u003e adaptations.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The classification of the whole of the Ichneumonoidea, along with most other insect orders, has been plagued by typology whereby undue importance has been attributed to particular characters in defining groups. Typology is a common disease of traditional taxonomy such that, until recently, quite a lot of taxa have been associated with the wrong higher clades. The sheer size of the group, and until the last 30 or so years, lack of accessible identification materials, has been a further impediment to research on all but a handful of ‘lab rat’ species usually cultured initially because of their potential in biological control.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e New evidence, largely in the form of molecular data, have shown that many morphological, behavioural, physiological and anatomical characters associated with basic life history features, specifically whether wasps are ecto- or endoparasitic, or idiobiont or koinobiont, can be grossly misleading in terms of the phylogeny they suggest. This book shows how, with better supported phylogenetic hypotheses entomologists can understand far more about the ways natural selection is acting upon them.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e This new book also focuses on this superfamily with which the author has great familiarity and provides a detailed coverage of each subfamily, emphasising  anatomy, taxonomy and systematics, biology, as well as pointing out the importance and research potential of each group. Fossil taxa are included and it also has sections on\u003cbr\u003e biogeography, global species richness, culturing and rearing and preparing specimens for taxonomic study. The book highlights areas where research might be particularly rewarding and suggests systems\/groups that need investigation. The author provides a large compendium of references to original research on each group. This book is an essential workmate for all postgraduates and researchers working on ichneumonoid or other parasitic wasps worldwide. It will stand as a reference book for a good number of years, and while rapid advances in various fields such as genomics and host physiological interactions will lead to new information, as an overall synthesis of the current state it will stay relevant for a long time.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife history 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystematics 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 1 Morphology and Biology 7\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Adult External Morphology 9\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntennal sensilla 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntennal glands and tyloids 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalps 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesosoma 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegs 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWings wing venation and wing cells 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfusing and sometimes erroneously applied vein names 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWing flexion lines 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetasoma 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual dimorphism 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale external genitalia 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Ovipositor and Ovipositor Sheaths 35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe act of oviposition 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctional morphology of wood-drillers 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvipositor stabilisation guides and buckling force 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvipositor notches and endoparasitism 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvipositor steering mechanisms 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProposed evolutionary and related ovipositor transitions 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber position and possible functions of ovipositor valvilli 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenom retention and delivery 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvipositor secretory pores 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvipositor sensilla 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvipositor sheaths 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Internal and Reproductive Anatomy 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNervous system 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestive tract 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale internal reproductive system 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvaries 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime scale of egg maturation 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpermatheca 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon oviduct and vaginal gland 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenom gland and reservoir 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDufour’s gland 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuticular hydrocarbons 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex pheromones 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale internal reproductive system 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSperm ultrastructure 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpermatogeny index 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Immature Stages 71\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEggs and oögenesis 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydropic and anhydropic eggs 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmbryogenesis 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmbryonic membranes 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarva 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarval feeding and nutrition 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarval food consumption and dietary efficiency 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid metabolism 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiration in endoparasitoids 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarval secretions 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pupal stage 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocoons 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Idiobionts Koinobionts and Other Life History Traits 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParasitoidism 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdiobiont and koinobiont strategies 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneralists and specialists 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcto- and endoparasitism 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermanent host paralysis 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGregarious development 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuperparasitism 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarval combat and physiological suppression 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptive superparasitism 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiparasitism 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObligate and preferential multiparasitism 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHyperparasitism and pseudohyperparasitism 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKleptoparasitism 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution of life history strategies 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Sex Courtship and Mating 107\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex determination 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal mate competition and avoidance of inbreeding 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex allocation 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtandry and virginity 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThelytoky and cytoplasmic incompatibility 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMate location 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCourtship 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwarming and lekking 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMating position 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple mating and sperm competition 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex-related scent glands 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenome size and recombination 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCytogenetics 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Host Location Associative Learning and Host Assessment 127\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTritrophic interactions 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost acceptance 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociative learning 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiosensors 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatch use 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Overcoming Host Immune Reaction and Physiological Interactions With Host 137\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvercoming host immunity in endoparasitoids 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassive evasion of encapsulation by parasitoid eggs 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvoiding encapsulation by physical means 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of host age and haemocyte number 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther host defence mechanisms 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenoms 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurophysiological venom actions 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenom effects on host immune response 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolydnaviruses 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of polydnaviruses on hosts 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther reproductive viruses 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproving host quality 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost castration and similar effects 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeratocytes 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntraspecific variation in resistance to parasitoids 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects on host moulting pattern 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParasitoid-induced changes in host behaviour 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Convergent Adaptations 163\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntennal hammers and vibrational sounding 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnlarged mandibles 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChisel-like mandibles 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcealed nectar extraction apparatus 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduced number of palpal segments 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e‘Facial’ protruberances 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrontal depressions 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDorsal ridges on head or mesosoma 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrachyptery and aptery 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDorso-ventral flattening 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostpectal carina 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropodeal spines 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e‘Fossorial’ legs 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFore tibial spines 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFore tibial apical tooth 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpanded hind basitarsi 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToothed hind femur 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistitarsal scraper 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePectinate claws and claws with angular basal lobes 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlabrous wing patches and wing membrane scleromes 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarapacisation 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePetiolate metasomas 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModifications to the posterior metasomal margin 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpermathecal colour 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompression of apical part of metasoma 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ‘ophionoid facies’ 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite antennal stripes and tips 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite ovipositor sheath stripes and tips 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of larval instars 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgg-larval parasitism 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisc-like larval antennae 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduction of larval hypostomal spur 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWide and heavily sclerotised larval epistoma 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuspended cocoons 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyembryony 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytophagy and cecidogenesis 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 2 Taxonomic and Systematic Treatment 187\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Overview of Ichneumonoidea: Relationships and Systematics 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonophyly of Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonidae and Braconidae 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship of Ichneumonoidea to other Hymenoptera 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFossil history and family-level phylogeny 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrief history of classification 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAncestral biology of Ichneumonoidea 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparating ichneumonids from braconids 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying specimens 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Phylogeny and Systematics of The Braconidae 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical perspective 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphophylogenetic hypotheses 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular phylogenetics 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBraconid classification 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEoichneumoninae\u003csup\u003e†\u003c\/sup\u003e 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrachypetiformes 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrachypetinae 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclostomes \u003ci\u003eincertae sedis\u003c\/i\u003e 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtorhyssalinae et al. 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApozyginae 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aphidioid clade or ‘Gondwanan’ complex 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAphidiinae 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxfischeriinae 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesostoinae (including Canberreriini and Hydrangeocolini) 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe remaining cyclostomes 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoryctinae (including Ypsistocerini) 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePambolinae 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhysipolinae 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhyssalinae 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRogadinae s.l. Hormiinae Lysiterminae 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBetylobraconinae 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHormiinae 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLysiterminae 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRogadinae \u003ci\u003esensu stricto\u003c\/i\u003e 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlysioid subcomplex including Braconinae 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlysiinae and Opiinae 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlysiinae 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Alysiinae biology 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlysiini 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDacnusini 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpiinae 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBraconinae 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExothecinae 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGnamptodontinae (= Gnaptodontinae) 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTelengaiinae 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe non-cyclostomes 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigalphoid complex 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgathidinae 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigalphinae 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelconoid complex 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelconinae 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelconoid group \u003ci\u003eincertae sedis\u003c\/i\u003e 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlacinae 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcampsohelconinae 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacrocentrine subcomplex 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacrocentrinae 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharmontiinae 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmicrocentrinae 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eXiphozelinae 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomolobinae 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrotypinae 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrgilinae 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphoroid complex 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphorinae 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCenocoeliinae 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe microgastroids 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiochilinae 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheloninae (including Adeliini) 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirrhopinae 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIchneutinae 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKhoikhoiinae 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMendesellinae 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrogastrinae 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiracinae 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnplaced subfamilies 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMasoninae 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeteorideinae 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Phylogeny and Systematics of The Ichneumonidae 341\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of ichneumonid classification 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHenry Townes (1913–90) and his idiosyncratic nomenclature 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extinct subfamilies 344\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Tanychorinae\u003csup\u003e†\u003c\/sup\u003e 344\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Palaeoichneumoninae\u003csup\u003e†\u003c\/sup\u003e 346\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Labenopimplinae\u003csup\u003e†\u003c\/sup\u003e 348\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Pherombinae\u003csup\u003e†\u003c\/sup\u003e 349\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Townesitinae\u003csup\u003e†\u003c\/sup\u003e 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe xoridiformes 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eXoridinae 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe labeniformes 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabeninae 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroteini 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabenini 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoecilocryptini 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pimpliformes 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcaenitinae 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollyriinae 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCylloceriinae 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiacritinae 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiplazontinae 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthocentrinae (= Helictinae) 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePimplinae 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelomeristini 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEphialtini (= Pimplini of Townes) 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePolysphincta\u003c\/i\u003e group 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePimplini 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoemeniinae (= Neoxoridinae) 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoemeniini 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePseudorhyssini 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRodrigamini 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhyssinae 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ichneumoniformes 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdelognathinae 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriotypinae 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlomyinae 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCryptinae 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAptesini 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCryptini 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhygadeuontini 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIchneumoninae 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe brachycyrtiformes 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrachycyrtinae 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClaseinae (Clasinae) 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePedunculinae 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe orthopelmatiformes 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthopelmatinae 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ophioniformes 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower ophioniformes 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanchinae 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLycorininae 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSisyrostolinae 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStilbopinae 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTryphoninae 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle ophioniformes 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCtenopelmatinae 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesochorinae 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetopiinae 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxytorinae 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTatogastrinae 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTersilochinae (including Neorhacodinae and Phrudinae \u003ci\u003es.s.\u003c\/i\u003e) 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher ophioniformes 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnomaloninae 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCampopleginae 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCremastinae 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHybrizontinae 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNesomesochorinae 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOphioninae 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnplaced subfamilies 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEucerotinae 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroleptinae 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 3 Ecology and Diversity 451\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Ecology 453\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult diet 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost-feeding 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater sugar and pollen feeding 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFecundity 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVoltinism and seasonality 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily activity patterns 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiapause 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCold hardiness hibernation and overwintering 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColoration and thermoregulation 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiological control 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect on host food consumption 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtificial diets 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtificial hosts 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of alternative hosts 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHyperparasitism and kleptoparasitism 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredation 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogens 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransmission of host pathogens 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDispersal 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColoration and mimetic rings 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalatability and odours 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompetition 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApparent competition 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost ranges of parasitoids 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParasitoid guilds and food webs 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution of host ranges and speciation 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Local and Global Patterns In Diversity 489\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField research in the tropics and anomalous diversity 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimation of global ichneumonoid species richness 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution related to climate and latitude 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nasty host hypothesis 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiogeography 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIslands and their parasitoid faunas 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies accumulation curves 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltitudinal gradients 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimating local species diversity 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIchneumonoidea as biodiversity indicators 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of habitat degradation on ichneumonoid composition 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance of cryptic species 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Collecting and Rearing Ichneumonoidea 513\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField collecting adults 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePan traps 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSweep netting 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight trapping 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCanopy fogging 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaise traps 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRearings from wild-collected hosts 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRearing leaf rollers and tiers 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstrate rearings 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCulturing 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMating in captivity 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass rearing 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMounting specimens for taxonomic study 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparing specimens from alcohol storage 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect pinning 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSide gluing 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCard rectangles and card points 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary staging 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabelling 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreserving specimens for DNA analysis 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePackaging and posting specimens to other workers 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Epilogue 533\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic questions 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost and parasitism questions 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysiological questions 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological questions 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor index 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral index 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost index 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIchneumonoid genus tribe and subfamily index 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIchneumonoidea species index 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eColor Plate Sections Are Inserted Between Pages Noted Below\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst 13-page colour plate section (between pages 112 and 113)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond 13-page colour plate section (between pages 224 and 225)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThird 13-page colour plate section (between pages 336 and 337)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFourth 13-page colour plate section (between pages 448 and 449)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"Overall, this is a highly valuable compendium of known information, as well as currently unanswered questions, concerning ichneumonoid wasps.... Quicke is to be congratulated for producing a standard work that I, for one, will be consulting for a long time.\" (\u003ci\u003eAmerican Entomologist\u003c\/i\u003e, 2016)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"This is certainly a field with many pitfalls, but there is hardly a better guide through it than Professor Quicke.\" (\u003ci\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Studies\u003c\/i\u003e, 9 March December 2015)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"It sounds like a backhanded compliment to say that this is the best book of its kind, when I have already said that it is the only book of its kind. However, The Braconid and Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps goes beyond being the best of a limited field – it is a truly impressive assemblage of information on an intriguing and important group of insects. I hope that it inspires more people to work in the field.\" (\u003ci\u003eBulletin de la Société d'entomologie du Canada\u003c\/i\u003e, 2015)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDonald L. J. Quicke\u003c\/b\u003e is currently Visiting Professor at the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. He graduated from Oxford University with a degree in zoology and after doctoral and postdoctoral work on snail neurophysiology, sea anemone ecology and spider venoms, made parasitic wasps, and especially the ichneumonoid wasp family Braconidae, his main love and research interest. He held a lectureship at Sheffield University, moved to Imperial College London in 1993 and held a joint post between them and the Natural History Museum, London, until retiring in 2013 to live in Thailand. He was made Professor of Systematics in 2008. He has travelled widely collecting and studying parasitic wasps, especially in Africa. Over the past years he has described more than 560 new species and 76 new genera, including a number of fossil taxa, as well as making extensive studies of functional anatomy parasitic wasp ovipositors which are of enormous biological importance. A lot of his recent work has concerned global diversity estimation and patterns.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eThe Ichneumonoidea is a vast and important superfamily of parasitic wasps, with some 60,000 described species and estimated numbers far higher, especially for small-bodied tropical taxa. The superfamily comprises two cosmopolitan families - Braconidae and Ichneumonidae - that have largely attracted separate groups of researchers, and this, to a considerable extent, has meant that understanding of their adaptive features has often been considered in isolation. This book considers both families, highlighting similarities and differences in their adaptations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe classification of the whole of the Ichneumonoidea, along with most other insect orders, has been plagued by typology whereby undue importance has been attributed to particular characters in defining groups. Typology is a common disease of traditional taxonomy such that, until recently, quite a lot of taxa have been associated with the wrong higher clades. The sheer size of the group, and until the last 30 or so years, lack of accessible identification materials, has been a further impediment to research on all but a handful of ‘lab rat’ species usually cultured initially because of their potential in biological control.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew evidence, largely in the form of molecular data, have shown that many morphological, behavioural, physiological and anatomical characters associated with basic life history features, specifically whether wasps are ecto- or endoparasitic, or idiobiont or koinobiont, can be grossly misleading in terms of the phylogeny they suggest. This book shows how, with better supported phylogenetic hypotheses entomologists can understand far more about the ways natural selection is acting upon them.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book covers the same areas as \u003ci\u003eParasitic Wasps\u003c\/i\u003e (Springer, 1997) (behaviour, physiology, development, anatomy, venoms, sex, ecology and evolution), but they have been brought up to date in this book (much new data has become available over the intervening years). This new book also focuses on this superfamily with which the author has great familiarity and provides a detailed coverage of each subfamily, emphasising  anatomy, taxonomy and systematics, biology, as well as pointing out the importance and research potential of each group.\u003cbr\u003e Fossil taxa are included and it also has sections on biogeography, global species richness, culturing and rearing and preparing specimens for taxonomic study. The book highlights areas where research might be particularly rewarding and suggests systems\/groups that need investigation. The author provides a large compendium of references to original research on each group. This book is an essential workmate for all postgraduates and researchers working on ichneumonoid or other parasitic wasps worldwide. It will stand as a reference book for a good number of years, and while rapid advances in various fields such as genomics and host physiological interactions will lead to new information, as an overall synthesis of the current state it will stay relevant for a long time.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrief TOC: Chapter 1  Introduction; Chapter 2  Adult external morphology; Chapter 3 The ovipoistor and ovipositor sheaths; Chapter 4  Internal and reproductive anatomy; Chapter 5  Immature stages; Chapter 6  Idiobionts, koinobionts and other life history traits; Chapter 7  Sex, courtship and mating; Chapter 8  Host location, assessment and associative learning; Chapter 9 Overcoming host immune reaction and physiological interactions with hosts; Chapter 10  Convergent adaptations; Chapter 11  Overview of Ichneumonoidea: relationships and systematics; Chapter 12  Phylogeny and systematics of the Braconidae; Chapter 13  Phylogeny and systematics of the Ichneumonidae; Chapter 14 Ecology; Chapter 15  Local and global patterns in diversity; Chapter 16  Collecting and rearing Ichneumonoidea; Chapter 17 Epilogue.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990177693925,"sku":"NP9781118907054","price":248.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118907054.jpg?v=1761786800","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/the-braconid-and-ichneumonid-parasitoid-wasps-isbn-9781118907054","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}