{"product_id":"synthetic-natural-gas-isbn-9781118541814","title":"Synthetic Natural Gas","description":"\u003cp\u003eProvides an overview of the different pathways to produce Synthetic Natural Gas\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers technological, and economic aspects of this Synthetic Natural Gas\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetails the most popular technologies and state-of-the-art of SNG technologies while also covering recent and future research trends\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers the main process steps during conversion of coal and dry biomass to SNG: gasification, gas cleaning, methanation and gas upgrading\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDescribes a number of novel processes for the production of SNG with their specific combination of process steps as well as the boundary conditions\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers important technical aspects of Power-to-Gas processes\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introductory Remarks 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eTilman J. Schildhauer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Why Produce Synthetic Natural Gas? 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Overview 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Coal and Biomass Gasification for SNG Production 5\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eStefan Heyne, Martin Seemann, and Tilman J. Schildhauer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction – Basic Requirements for Gasification in the Framework of SNG Production 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Thermodynamics of Gasification 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Gasification Reactions 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Overall Gasification Process – Equilibrium Based Considerations 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Gasification – A Multi]step Process Deviating from Equilibrium 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Heat Management of the Gasification Process 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Implication of Thermodynamic Considerations for Technology Choice 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Gasification Technologies 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Entrained Flow 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Fixed Bed 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Direct Fluidized Bed 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Indirect Fluidized Bed Gasification 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Hydrogasification and Catalytic Gasification 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Gas Cleaning 41\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eUrs Rhyner\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Impurities 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Particulate Matter 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Tars 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Sulfur Compounds 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Halide Compounds 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Alkali Compounds 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6 Nitrogen Compounds 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.7 Other Impurities 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Cold, Warm and Hot Gas Cleaning 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Example of B]IGFC Gas Cleaning Process Chains 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Gas Cleaning Technologies 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Particulate Matter 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Tars 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Sulfur Compounds 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Hydrodesulfurization 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Chlorine (Halides) 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6 Alkali 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.7 Nitrogen]containing Compounds 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.8 Other Impurities 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Reactive Hot Gas Filter 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Methanation for Synthetic Natural Gas Production – Chemical Reaction Engineering Aspects 77\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eTilman J. Schildhauer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Methanation – The Synthesis Step in the Production of Synthetic Natural Gas 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Feed Gas Mixtures for Methanation Reactors 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Methanation Catalysts: Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Catalyst Deactivation 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Methanation Reactor Types 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Adiabatic Fixed Bed Reactors 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Cooled Reactors 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Comparison of Methanation Reactor Concepts 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Modeling and Simulation of Methanation Reactors 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 How to Measure (Intrinsic) Kinetics? 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Modeling of Fixed Bed Reactors 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Modeling of Isothermal Fluidized Bed Reactors 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Conclusions and Open Research Questions 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Symbol List 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 SNG Upgrading 161\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRenato Baciocchi, Giulia Costa, and Lidia Lombardi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Separation Processes for SNG Upgrading 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Bulk CO2\/CH4  Separation 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Removal of other Compounds and Impurities 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Techno]Economical Comparison of Selected Separation Options 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 SNG from Wood – The GoBiGas Project 181\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJörgen Held\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Biomethane in Sweden 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Conditions and Background for the GoBiGas Project in Gothenburg 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Technical Description 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Technical Issues and Lessons Learned 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Status 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Efficiency 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Economics 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Outlook 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 The Power to Gas Process: Storage of Renewable Energy in the Natural Gas Grid via Fixed Bed Methanation of CO2\/H2 191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Specht, Jochen Brellochs, Volkmar Frick, Bernd Stürmer, and Ulrich Zuberbühler\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Motivation 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 History “Renewable Fuel Paths at ZSW” 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Goal “Energiewende” 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Goal “Power Based, Carbon Based Fuels” 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Goal “P2G®” 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5 Goal “Methanation” 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 The Power to Fuel Concept: Co]utilization of (Biogenic) Carbon and Hydrogen 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 P2G® Technology 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Methanation Characteristics for CO2  Based Syngas 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 P2G® Plant Layout of 25 kWel, 250 kWel, and 6000 kWel Plants 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Experimental Results 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Methanation Catalysts: Screening, Cycle Resistance, Contamination by Sulfur Components 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Results with the 25 kWel P2G® Plant 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Results with the 250 kWel P2G® Plant 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Results with the 250 kWel P2G® Plant in Combination with Membrane Gas Upgrade 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 P2G® Process Efficiency 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusion and Outlook 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Fluidized Bed Methanation for SNG Production – Process Development at the Paul]Scherrer Institut 221\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eTilman J. Schildhauer and Serge M.A. Biollaz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction to Process Development 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Methane from Wood – Process Development at PSI 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 MILENA Indirect Gasification, OLGA Tar Removal, and ECN Process for Methanation 231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eLuc P.L.M. Rabou, Bram Van der Drift, Eric H.A.J. Van Dijk, Christiaan M. Van der Meijden, and Berend J. Vreugdenhil\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Main Process Steps 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 MILENA Indirect Gasification 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 OLGA Tar Removal 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 HDS and Deep S Removal 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Reformer 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 CO2 Removal 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6 Methanation and Upgrading 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Process Efficiency and Economy 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Results and Status 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 MILENA 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 OLGA 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 HDS, Reformer, and Methanation 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Outlook 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Pressure 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Co]production 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Bio Carbon Capture and Storage 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Power to Gas 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Hydrothermal Production of SNG from Wet Biomass 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrédéric Vogel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Historical Development 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Physical and Chemical Bases 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Catalysis 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Phase Behavior and Salt Separation 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Liquefaction of the Solid Biomass, Tar, and Coke Formation 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 PSI’s Catalytic SNG Process 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Process Description and Layout 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Mass Balance 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Energy Balance 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Status of Process Development at PSI 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 Comparison to other SNG Processes 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Open Questions and Outlook 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Agnion’s Small Scale SNG Concept 279\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas Kienberger and Christian Zuber\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Integrated Desulfurization and Methanation Concepts for SNG Production 293\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eChristian F.J. König, Maarten Nachtegaal, and Tilman J. Schildhauer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Concepts for Integrated Desulfurization and Methanation 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Sulfur]Resistant Methanation 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Regeneration of Methanation Catalysts 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Discussion of the Concepts 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Required Future Research 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Sulfur Resistant Methanation 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Periodic Regeneration 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 307\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTilman J. Schildhauer\u003c\/strong\u003e is a Senior Scientist at Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland since 2005, working mainly in the field of converting dry biomass to Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) and electricity. These activities aim at developing sustainable and (energetically and economically) efficient processes based on the analysis of the complete process chain on the one hand and investigation of the fundamentals of the crucial process steps on the other hand. Since 2014, he is also Scientific Coordinator of the Energy Systems Integration platform at Paul Scherrer Institut. Dr. Schildhauer has authored over 60 scientific papers and two book chapters. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSerge Biollaz\u003c\/strong\u003e is the Head of the Thermal Process Engineering group at Paul Scherrer Institut since 2000. In 2006\/2007 he spent a sabbatical leave at Gas Technology Institute (GTI), Chicago, USA, working on catalytic biomass gasification, hot gas cleaning and integration of biomass\/coal gasification with high temperature fuel cells (SOFC). Serge Biollaz co-authored more than 50 scientific papers and is national expert in the IEA Bioenergy, Task 33 Thermal gasification of biomass (since 2003), as well as expert on SNG in the European Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP), WG2 \"Conversion\" (since 2009).  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProvides an overview of the different pathways to produce Synthetic Natural Gas\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to the increasing integration of stochastic renewable sources like photovoltaics and wind energy into the electricity generation, the demand for balancing the electricity supply and the demand over spatial and temporal distances is increasing. For the future, even the seasonal storage of electricity may be necessary. Here, the production of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from domestic resources such as biomass and coal can play an important role. Moreover, in times where the electricity production from renewables exceeds the actual demand in the electricity grid (a situation that today occasionally is observed in Central Europe and is expected to be more common in future), producing SNG could utilise the excess electricity instead of curtailing photovoltaics or wind turbines.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSynthetic Natural Gas from Coal, Dry Biomass and Power-to-Gas applications  \u003c\/i\u003eaims at a suitable overview over the different pathways to produce SNG. The first four chapters cover the main process steps during conversion of coal and dry biomass to SNG: gasification, gas cleaning, methanation and gas upgrading. The main technology options are highlighted and the impact of a technology choice for the downstream processes and the complete process chain. In these chapters, especially in the chapter on methanation reactors, the state-of-the art coal-to-SNG processes are discussed in detail. The following chapters describe a number of novel processes for the production of SNG; these processes comprise those which are already in operation and processes which are still under development.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bookenables the reader to understand and distinguish the different processes available. It supports engineers (and scientists) in companies, industry and academia in conceptualizing efficient and sustainable energy systems and enables them to find the best solution for their needs in planning or running SNG plants.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTilman J. Schildhauer\u003c\/b\u003e is a Senior Scientist at Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland since 2005, working mainly in the field of converting dry biomass to SNG and electricity. These activities aim at developing sustainable and (energetically and economically) efficient processes based on the analysis of the complete process chain on the one hand and investigation of the fundamentals of the crucial process steps on the other hand. Since 2014, he is also Scientific Coordinator of the Energy Systems Integration platform at Paul Scherrer Institut. Dr. Schildhauer has authored over 60 scientific papers and two book chapters.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSerge Biollaz\u003c\/b\u003e is the Head of the Thermal Process Engineering group at Paul Scherrer Institut since 2000. In 2006\/2007 he spent a sabbatical leave at Gas Technology Institut (GTI), Chicago, USA, working on catalytic biomass gasification, hot gas cleaning and integration of biomass\/coal gasification with high temperature fuel cells (SOFC). Serge Biollaz co-authored more than 50 scientific papers and is national expert in the IEA Bioenergy, Task 33 Thermal gasification of biomass (since 2003), as well as expert on SNG in the European Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP), WG2 \"Conversion\" (since 2009.)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47990123692261,"sku":"NP9781118541814","price":167.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118541814.jpg?v=1761786605","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/synthetic-natural-gas-isbn-9781118541814","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}