Silicon Photonics, 2 Volume Set

1 Introduction to Silicon Photonics

1.1 Introduction

1.2 VLSI: Past, Present, and Future Roadmap

1.3 The Interconnect Problem in VLSI

1.4 The Long-Haul Optical Communication Link

1.5 Data Network

1.6 Conclusions

1.7 Scope of the Book

2 Basic Properties of Silicon

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Band Structure

2.3 Density-of-States Function

2.4 Impurities

2.5 Alloys of Silicon and Other Group IV Elements

2.6 Heterojunctions and Band Lineup

2.7 Si-Based Heterostructures

2.8 Direct GAP: Ge/SiGeSn Heterojunctions

3 Quantum Structures

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Quantum Wells

3.3 Quantum Wires and Dots

3.4 Superlattices

3.5 Si-Based Quantum Structures

3.6 Effect of Electric Field

4 Optical Processes

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Optical Constants

4.3 Basic Concepts

4.4 Absorption Processes in Semiconductors

4.5 Fundamental Absorption in Direct GAP

4.6 Fundamental Absorption in Indirect GAP

4.7 Absorption and Gain

4.8 Intervalence Band Absorption

4.9 Free-carrier Absorption

4.10 Recombination and Luminescence

4.11 Nonradiative Recombination

4.12 Excitonic and Impurity Absorption

5 Optical Processes in Quantum Structures

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Optical Processes in QWs

5.3 Intersubband Transitions

5.4 Excitonic Processes in QWs

5.5 Effect of Electric Fields

5.6 Optical Processes in QWRs

5.7 Optical Processes in QDS

6 Light Emitters in Si

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Basic Theory of Light Emission

6.3 Early Efforts: Zone Folding

6.4 Band Structure Engineering Using Alloys

6.5 Quantum Confinement

6.6 Impurities in Silicon

6.7 Stimulated Emission: Prospect

6.8 Intersubband Emission

6.9 Tensile-Strained Ge Layers

7 Si Light Modulators

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Physical Effects

7.3 Electrorefraction in Silicon

7.4 Thermo-Optic Effects in Si

7.5 Modulators: Some Useful Characteristics

7.6 Modulation Bandwidth under Injection

7.7 Optical Structures

7.8 Electrical Structures

7.9 High-Bandwidth Modulators

7.10 Performance of EO Modulators

8 Silicon Photodetectors

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Optical Detection

8.3 Important Characteristics of Photodetectors

8.4 Examples of Types of Photodetectors

8.5 Examples of Photodiodes in Standard Silicon Technology

8.6 Phototransistors in Standard Silicon Technology

8.7 CMOS and BiCMOS

8.8 Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI)

8.9 Photodetectors Using Heteroepitaxy

9 Raman Lasers

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Raman Scattering: Basic Concepts

9.3 Simplified Theory of Raman Scattering

9.4 Raman Effect in Silicon

9.5 Raman Gain Coefficient

9.6 Continuous-Wave Raman Laser

9.7 Further Developments

10 Guided Lightwaves: Introduction

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Ray Optic Theory for Light Guidance

10.3 Reflection Coefficients

10.4 Modes of a Planar Waveguide

10.5 Wave Theory of Light Guides

10.6 3D Optical Waveguides

10.7 Loss Mechanisms in Waveguides

10.8 Coupling to Optical Devices

10.9 Tapers

11 Principle of Planar Waveguide Devices

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Model for Mode Coupling

11.3 Directional Coupler

11.4 Distributed Bragg Reflector

11.5 Some Useful Planar Devices

12 Waveguides for Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Systems

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Structure and Operation of AWGs

12.3 AWG Characteristics

12.4 Methods for Improving Performance

12.5 Applications of AWGs

12.6 PHASAR-Based Devices on Different Materials

12.7 Echelle Grating

13 Nonlinear Silicon Photonics

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Nonlinear Optical Effects in Silicon

13.3 Third-Order Nonlinearities

13.4 Two-Photon Absorption

13.5 Free-Carrier Effects

13.6 Nonlinear Waveguides

13.7 Nonlinear Resonators

13.8 Applications in Signal Processing

13.9 Future Directions

14 Fabrication Techniques and Materials Systems

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Planar Processing

14.3 Substrate Growth and Preparation

14.4 Material Modification

14.5 Etching

14.6 Lithography

14.7 Fabrication of Waveguides

14.8 Grating Formation Process

14.9 Materials Systems for Waveguide Formation