Self-Assembled Supramolecular Architectures

This book will describe fundamentals and recent developments in the area of Self-Assembled Supramolecular Architecture and their relevance to the understanding of the functionality of membranes as delivery systems for active ingredients. As the heirarchial architectures determine their performance capabilities, attention will be paid to theoretical and design aspects related to the construction of lyotropic liquid crystals: mesophases such as lamellar, hexagonal, cubic, sponge phase micellosomes. The book will bring to the reader mechanistic aspects, compositional considerations, transition within phases, solubilization capacities, drug entrapment and release mechanisms and transmembrane, transdermal, and other transport phenomena. It will stress the importance of these mesostructures to crystallization and polymorphism of drugs, fats, and nutraceuticals and will discuss regioselectivity of organic and enzymatic reactions that take place at interfaces and within the channels of the mesophase. The book will bring studies on the use of these mesophase as crystallization or particulation media for the formation of nanoparticles and nanocrystals. Chapters will discuss applications in the areas of pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, plastics, paper, agro-chemistry and industrial applications.

Preface vii

Contributors xi

1. Physics of Self-Assembly of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals 1
Raffaele Mezzenga

2. Rheological Theory and Simulation of Surfactant Nematic Liquid Crystals 21
Alejandro D. Rey and E. E. Herrera-Valencia

3. Dividing Planes of Hexagonal HII Mesophase 79
Vesselin Kolev, Abraham Aserin, and Nissim Garti

4. Nanocharacterization of Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Systems 97
Patrick G. Hartley and Hsin-Hui Shen

5. Self-Assembly in Lipidic Particles 129
Anan Yaghmur and Otto Glatter

6. Hierarchically Organized Systems Based on Liquid Crystalline Phases 157
Chandrashekhar V. Kulkarni and Otto Glatter

7. Synthesis and Alignment of Nanostructured Materials Using Liquid Crystals 193
Idit Amar-Yuli, Abraham Aserin, and Nissim Garti

8. Recent Developments in Lyotropic Liquid Crystals as Drug Delivery Vehicles 219
Dima Libster, Abraham Aserin, and Nissim Garti

9. Stimuli-Responsive Lipid-Based Self-Assembled Systems 257
Ben J. Boyd and Wye-Khay Fong

10. Nonlamellar Lipid Liquid Crystalline Structures at Interfaces 289
Debby P. Chang and Tommy Nylander

11. Multicompartment Lipid Nanocarriers for Targeting of Cells Expressing Brain Receptors 319
Claire Géral, Angelina Angelova, Borislav Angelov, Valérie Nicolas, and Sylviane Lesieur

Index 357

NISSIM GARTI, PhD, is the Ratner Honor Chair of Chemistry, member of the management committee of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the head of the Formulation Center of the Department of Chemistry, and advisor to several global companies. He established Adumim Chemicals' Nutraceutical Systems (Nutralease) and Delivery Lyotropic Systems (DLS).

PONISSERIL SOMASUNDARAN, is the Director of the Industry/University Cooperative Research Center for Advanced Studies in Novel Surfactants at Columbia University. His research examines surface and colloid chemistry of minerals, materials and microbes, molecular interactions at surfaces, and environmental engineering.

RAFFAELE MEZZENGA is Full Professor at ETH Zürich. His research focuses on self-assembly processes in liquid crystalline polymers, supramolecular polymers, lyotropic liquid crystals, and biological and food colloidal systems. He is a recipient of several international awards in the field of soft condensed matter, including the John H. Dillon Medal of the American Physical Society.

Explains how our growing understanding of lyotropic liquid crystals opens the door to important industrial applications

With contributions from leading investigators from around the world, this book tackles the topic of lyotropic liquid crystals from both fundamental and applied perspectives. The first group of chapters discusses our current fundamental understanding of lyotropic liquid crystals, emphasizing lipid-based systems and rod-like solvent dispersions. The next group of chapters explores applications, with a focus on drug delivery systems.

Presenting all the latest basic research discoveries as well as new and emerging applications of lyotropic liquid crystals, the book:

• Describes the physics of self-assembly of lyotropic liquid crystals, introducing recent concepts such as self-consistent field theory
• Sets forth the available experimental characterization methods of lyotropic liquid crystalline systems
• Examines the hierarchical organization of lyotropic liquid crystals, from the lipid length scale to the macroscopic organization of emulsified liquid crystalline systems
• Reviews current strategies using lyotropic liquid crystals as templates for the synthesis and alignment of nanostructured materials
• Explores the use of lyotropic liquid crystals as drug delivery vehicles
• Explains how lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles are used as nanocarriers to target cells expressing brain receptors

References at the end of each chapter serve as a gateway to the literature, enabling readers to explore each individual topic in greater depth.

Self-Assembled Supramolecular Architectures will help researchers not only understand the fundamentals of lyotropic liquid crystals, but also their potential as major carriers of bioactives for a broad range of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.