{"product_id":"principles-of-virology-volume-2-isbn-9781683672852","title":"Principles of Virology, Volume 2","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Virology\u003c\/i\u003e, the leading virology textbook in use, is an extremely valuable and highly informative presentation of virology at the interface of modern cell biology and immunology. This text utilizes a uniquely rational approach by highlighting common principles and processes across all viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to illustrate the breadth of viral complexity, students are able to under-stand viral reproduction and pathogenesis and are equipped with the necessary tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e This fifth edition was updated to keep pace with the ever-changing field of virology. In addition to the beloved full-color illustrations, video interviews with leading scientists, movies, and links to exciting blogposts on relevant topics, this edition includes study questions and active learning puzzles in each chapter, as well as short descriptions regarding the key messages of references of special interest. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eVolume I: Molecular Biology\u003c\/i\u003e focuses on the molecular processes of viral reproduction, from entry through release. \u003ci\u003eVolume II: Pathogenesis and Control\u003c\/i\u003e addresses the interplay between viruses and their host organisms, on both the micro- and macroscale, including chapters on public health, the immune response, vaccines and other antiviral strategies, viral evolution, and a brand new chapter on the therapeutic uses of viruses. These two volumes can be used for separate courses or together in a single course. Each includes a unique appendix, glossary, and links to internet resources.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Virology, Fifth Edition\u003c\/i\u003e, is ideal for teaching the strategies by which all viruses reproduce, spread within a host, and are maintained within populations. This edition carefully reflects the results of extensive vetting and feedback received from course instructors and students, making this renowned textbook even more appropriate for undergraduate and graduate courses in virology, microbiology, and infectious diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Authors xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey of Repetitive Elements xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Infections of Populations: History and Epidemiology 2\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction to Viral Pathogenesis 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Brief History of Viral Pathogenesis 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Relationships among Microbes and the Diseases They Cause 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe First Human Viruses Identified and the Role of Serendipity 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Methods Facilitate the Study of Viruses as Causes of Disease 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral Epidemics in History 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemics Shaped History: the 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Philadelphia 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTracking Epidemics by Sequencing: West Nile Virus Spread to the Western Hemisphere 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZoonotic Infections and Epidemics Caused by “New” Viruses 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Economic Toll of Viral Epidemics in Livestock 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation Density and World Travel Are Accelerators of Viral Transmission 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFocus on Frontline Health Care: Ebolavirus in Africa 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergence of a Birth Defect Associated with Infection: Zika Virus in Brazil 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiology 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFundamental Concepts 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods Used by Epidemiologists 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurveillance 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork Theory and Practical Applications 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters That Govern the Ability of a Virus to Infect a Population 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeography and Population Density 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Barriers to Infection 30\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Overview of Infection and Immunity 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Game of Chess Played by Masters 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitiating an Infection 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuccessful Infections Must Modulate or Bypass Host Defenses 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory Tract 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlimentary Tract 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEyes 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrogenital Tract 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlacenta 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral Tropism 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessibility of Viral Receptors 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Host-Virus\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteractions That Regulate the Infectious Cycle 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpread throughout the Host 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHematogenous Spread 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeural Spread 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrgan Invasion 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntry into Organs with Sinusoids 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntry into Organs That Lack Sinusoids 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrgans with Dense Basement Membranes 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShedding of Virus Particles 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory Secretions 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaliva 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeces 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrine 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemen 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMilk 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin Lesions 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTears 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Early Host Response: Cell Autonomous and Innate Immunity 60\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe First Critical Moments: How Do Individual Cells Detect a Virus Infection? 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell Signaling Induced by Viral Entry Receptor Engagement 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReceptor-Mediated Recognition of Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell-Intrinsic Defenses 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgrammed Necrosis (Necroptosis) 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutophagy 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpigenetic Silencing 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost Proteins That Restrict Virus Reproduction (Restriction Factors) 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRNA Interference 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCRISPR 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Continuum between Intrinsic and Innate Immunity 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecreted Mediators of the Innate Immune Response 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview of Cytokine Functions 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterferons, Cytokines of Early Warning and Action 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemokines 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Innate Immune Response 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplement 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Killer Cells 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Innate Immune Cells Relevant to Viral Infections 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Adaptive Immunity and Establishment of Memory 108\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttributes of the Host Response 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeed 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiversity and Specificity 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMemory 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Control 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte Development, Diversity, and Activation 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hematopoietic Stem Cell Lineage 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Two Arms of Adaptive Immunity 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Major Effectors of the Adaptive Response: B and T Cells 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiverse Receptors Impart Antigen Specificity to B and T Cells 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvents at the Site of Infection Set the Stage for the Adaptive Response 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquisition of Viral Proteins by Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells Enables Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Establishment of Inflammation 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivated Antigen-Presenting Cells Leave the Site of Infection and Migrate to Lymph Nodes 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntigen Processing and Presentation 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional Antigen-Presenting Cells Induce Activation via Costimulation 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresentation of Antigens by Class I and Class II MHC Proteins 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte Activation Triggers Massive Cell Proliferation 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CTL (Cell-Mediated) Response 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTLs Lyse Virus-Infected Cells 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl of CTL Proliferation 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl of Infection by CTLs without Killing 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRashes and Poxes 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Humoral (Antibody) Response 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibodies Are Made by Plasma Cells 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes and Functions of Antibodies 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirus Neutralization by Antibodies 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity: Specific Killing by Nonspecific Cells 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunological Memory 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Question Puzzle 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Patterns and Pathogenesis 146\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal Models of Human Diseases 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatterns of Infection 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncubation Periods 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMathematics of Growth Correlate with Patterns of Infection 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcute Infections 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersistent Infections 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent Infections 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbortive Infections 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransforming Infections 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral Virulence 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring Viral Virulence 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproaches to Identify Viral Genes That Contribute to Virulence 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral Virulence Genes 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenesis 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfected Cell Lysis 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunopathology 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunosuppression Induced by Viral Infection 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOncogenesis 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular Mimicry 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Question Puzzle 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Cellular Transformation and Oncogenesis 188\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties of Transformed Cells 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl of Cell Proliferation 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOncogenic Viruses 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscovery of Oncogenic Viruses 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral Genetic Information in Transformed Cells 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Origin and Nature of Viral Transforming Genes 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctions of Viral Transforming Proteins 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivation of Cellular Signal Transduction Pathways by Viral Transforming Proteins 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral Signaling Molecules Acquired from the Cell 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlteration of the Production or Activity of Cellular Signal Transduction Proteins 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisruption of Cell Cycle Control Pathways by Viral Transforming Proteins 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbrogation of Restriction Point Control Exerted by the RB Protein 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction of Virus-Specific Cyclins 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInactivation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransformed Cells Increase in Size and Survive 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanisms That Permit Survival of Transformed Cells 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTumorigenesis Requires Additional Changes in the Properties of Transformed Cells 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibition of Immune Defenses 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Mechanisms of Transformation and Oncogenesis by Human\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTumor Viruses 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNontransducing Oncogenic Retroviruses: Tumorigenesis with Very Long Latency 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOncogenesis by Hepatitis Viruses 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Vaccines 230\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Origins of Vaccination 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmallpox: a Historical Perspective 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide Vaccination Programs Can Be Dramatically Effective 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaccine Basics 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunization Can Be Active or Passive 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive Vaccination Strategies Stimulate Immune Memory 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fundamental Challenge 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Science and Art of Making Vaccines 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInactivated Virus Vaccines 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttenuated Virus Vaccines 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubunit Vaccines 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirus-Like Particles 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNucleic Acid Vaccines 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaccine Technology: Delivery and Improving Antigenicity 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjuvants Stimulate an Immune Response 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelivery and Formulation 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunotherapy 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ongoing Quest for an AIDS Vaccine 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Question Puzzle 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Antiviral Drugs 260\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Brief History of Antiviral Drug Discovery 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscovering Antiviral Compounds 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Lexicon of Antiviral Discovery 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScreening for Antiviral Compounds 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputational Approaches to Drug Discovery 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Difference between “R” and “D” 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrug Resistance 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamples of Antiviral Drugs 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibitors of Virus Attachment and Entry 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibitors of Viral Nucleic Acid Synthesis 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibition of Viral Polyprotein Processing and Assembly 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibition of Virus Particle Release 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpanding Targets for Antiviral Drug Development 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttachment and Entry Inhibitors 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNucleic Acid-Based Approaches 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProteases and Nucleic Acid Synthesis and Processing Enzymes 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirus Particle Assembly 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobicides 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo Stories of Antiviral Success 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombination Therapy 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenges Remaining 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Therapeutic Viruses 296\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhage Therapy 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Advantages and Limitations of Phage Therapy 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications in the Clinic and for Disease Prevention 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture Prospects 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOncolytic Animal Viruses 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Anecdotal Reports to Controlled Clinical Trials 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRational Design of Oncolytic Viruses 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo Clinically Approved Oncolytic Viruses 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture Directions 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGene Therapy 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetroviral Vectors 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdenovirus-Associated Virus Vectors 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture Prospects 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaccine Vectors 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA Viruses 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRNA Viruses 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Virus Evolution 332\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirus Evolution 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Do Virus Populations Evolve? 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo General Virus Survival Strategies Can Be Distinguished 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge Numbers of Viral Progeny and Mutants Are Produced in Infected Cells 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Quasispecies Concept 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic Shift and Genetic Drift 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFundamental Properties of Viruses That Constrain Evolution 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo General Pathways for Virus Evolution 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution of Virulence 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Origin of Viruses 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen and How Did They Arise? 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution of Contemporary Eukaryotic Viruses 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost-Virus Relationships Drive Evolution 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA Virus-Host Relationships 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRNA Virus-Host Relationships 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Host-Virus “Arms Race” 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLessons from Paleovirology 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndogenous Retroviruses 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA Fossils Derived from Other RNA Viral Genomes 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndogenous Sequences from DNA Viruses 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShort-versus Long-Term Rates of Viral Evolution 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Emergence 362\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Spectrum of Host-Virus Interactions 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStable Interactions 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Evolving Host-Virus Interaction 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dead-End Interaction 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Resistant Host 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncountering New Hosts: Humans Constantly Provide New Venues for Infection 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon Sources for Animal-to-Human Transmission 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral Diseases That Illustrate the Drivers of Emergence 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoliomyelitis: Unexpected Consequences of Modern Sanitation 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction of Viruses into Naïve Populations 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Changing Animal Populations 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere Acute and Middle East Respiratory Syndromes (SARS and MERS): Zoonotic Coronavirus Infections 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Contribution to Emergence of Mutation, Recombination, or Reassortment 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCanine Parvoviruses: Cat-to-Dog Host Range Switch by Two Amino Acid Changes 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluenza Epidemics and Pandemics: Escaping the Immune Response by Reassortment 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Technologies Uncover Previously Unrecognized Viruses 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHepatitis Viruses in the Human Blood Supply 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Revolution in Virus Discovery 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptions and Possibilities 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirus Names Can Be Misleading 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll Viruses Are Important 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCan We Predict the Next Viral Pandemic? 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreventing Emerging Virus Infections 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Pathogenesis 386\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide Impact of AIDS 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV-1 Is a Lentivirus 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscovery and Characterization 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistinctive Features of the HIV-1 Reproduction Cycle and the Functions of HIV-1 Proteins 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Viral Capsid Counters Intrinsic Defense Mechanisms 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntry and Transmission 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntry in the Cell 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntry into the Body 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransmission in Human Populations 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Course of Infection 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Acute Phase 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Asymptomatic Phase 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Symptomatic Phase and AIDS 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of HIV-1 on Other Tissues and Organs 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirus Reproduction 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamics in the Absence of Treatment 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamics of Virus Reproduction during Treatment 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatency 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmune Responses to HIV-1 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnate Response 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumoral Responses 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV-1 and Cancer 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaposi’s Sarcoma 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-Cell Lymphomas 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnogenital Carcinomas 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProspects for Treatment and Prevention 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiviral Drugs 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfronting the Problems of Persistence and Latency 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGene Therapy Approaches 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmune System-Based Therapies 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiviral Drug Prophylaxis 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Unusual Infectious Agents 420\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViroids 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplication 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequence Diversity 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMovement 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenesis 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatellite Viruses and RNAs 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplication 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenesis 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHepatitis Delta Virus 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrions and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScrapie 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Properties of the Scrapie Agent 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman TSEs 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHallmarks of TSE Pathogenesis 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrions and the prnp Gene 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrion Strains 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBovine Spongiform Encephalopathy 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic Wasting Disease 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment of Prion Diseases 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Selected Human Viruses 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJane Flint is Professor Emerita of Molecular Biology at Princeton University. Dr. Flint’s research focused on investigation of the mechanisms by which viral gene products modulate host pathways and antiviral defenses to allow efficient reproduction in normal human cells of adenoviruses, viruses that are used in such therapeutic applications as gene transfer and cancer treatment.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVincent R. Racaniello is Higgins Professor of Microbiology \u0026amp; Immunology at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians \u0026amp; Surgeons. Dr. Racaniello has been studying viruses for over 40 years, including polio- virus, rhinovirus, enteroviruses, hepatitis C virus, and Zika virus. He blogs about virus-es at virology.ws and is host of This Week in Virology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlenn F. Rall is a Professor and the Chief Academic Officer at the Fox Chase Cancer Center, and is an Adjunct Professor in the Microbiology and Immunology departments at the University of Pennsylvania, as well as Thomas Jefferson, Drexel, and Temple Universities. Dr. Rall studies viral infections of the brain and the immune responses to those infections, with the goal of defining how viruses contribute to disease.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheodora Hatziioannou is a Research Associate Professor at Rockefeller University and is actively involved in teaching programs at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Dr. Hatziioannou has worked on multiple viruses with a focus on retroviruses and the molecular mechanisms that govern virus tropism and on the improvement of animal models for human disease.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnna Marie Skalka is a Professor Emerita and former Senior Vice President for Basic Research at the Fox Chase Cancer Center. Dr. Skalka is internationally recognized for her contributions to the understanding of the biochemical mechanisms by which retroviruses replicate and insert their genetic material into the host genome, as well as her research into other molecular aspects of retrovirus biology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Virology\u003c\/i\u003e, the leading virology textbook in use, is an extremely valuable and highly informative presentation of virology at the interface of modern cell biology and immunology. This text utilizes a uniquely rational approach by highlighting common principles and processes across all viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to illustrate the breadth of viral complexity, students are able to under-stand viral reproduction and pathogenesis and are equipped with the necessary tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e This fifth edition was updated to keep pace with the ever-changing field of virology. In addition to the beloved full-color illustrations, video interviews with leading scientists, movies, and links to exciting blogposts on relevant topics, this edition includes study questions and active learning puzzles in each chapter, as well as short descriptions regarding the key messages of references of special interest. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eVolume I: Molecular Biology\u003c\/i\u003e focuses on the molecular processes of viral reproduction, from entry through release. \u003ci\u003eVolume II: Pathogenesis and Control\u003c\/i\u003e addresses the interplay between viruses and their host organisms, on both the micro- and macroscale, including chapters on public health, the immune response, vaccines and other antiviral strategies, viral evolution, and a brand new chapter on the therapeutic uses of viruses. These two volumes can be used for separate courses or together in a single course. Each includes a unique appendix, glossary, and links to internet resources.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Virology, Fifth Edition\u003c\/i\u003e, is ideal for teaching the strategies by which all viruses reproduce, spread within a host, and are maintained within populations. This edition carefully reflects the results of extensive vetting and feedback received from course instructors and students, making this renowned textbook even more appropriate for undergraduate and graduate courses in virology, microbiology, and infectious diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ASM Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989854929125,"sku":"NP9781683672852","price":84.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781683672852.jpg?v=1761785687","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/principles-of-virology-volume-2-isbn-9781683672852","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}