{"product_id":"principles-of-superconducting-quantum-computers-isbn-9781119750727","title":"Principles of Superconducting Quantum Computers","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExplore the intersection of computer science, physics, and electrical and computer engineering with this discussion of the engineering of quantum computers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Superconducting Quantum Computers\u003c\/i\u003e, a pair of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive and insightful discussion of the building of quantum computing hardware and systems. Bridging the gaps between computer science, physics, and electrical and computer engineering, the book focuses on the engineering topics of devices, circuits, control, and error correction. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing data from actual quantum computers, the authors illustrate critical concepts from quantum computing. Questions and problems at the end of each chapter assist students with learning and retention, while the text offers descriptions of fundamentals concepts ranging from the physics of gates to quantum error correction techniques. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors provide efficient implementations of classical computations, and the book comes complete with a solutions manual and demonstrations of many of the concepts discussed within. It also includes: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to qubits, gates, and circuits, including unitary transformations, single qubit gates, and controlled (two qubit) gates\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of the physics of single qubit gates, including the requirements for a quantum computer, rotations, two-state systems, and Rabi oscillations\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of the physics of two qubit gates, including tunable qubits, SWAP gates, controlled-NOT gates, and fixed frequency qubits\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examinations of superconducting quantum computer systems, including the need for cryogenic temperatures, transmission lines, S parameters, and more\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIdeal for senior-level undergraduate and graduate students in electrical and computer engineering programs, \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Superconducting Quantum Computers\u003c\/i\u003e also deserves a place in the libraries of practicing engineers seeking a better understanding of quantum computer systems. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Figures xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Tables xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Qubits, Gates, and Circuits 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Bits and Qubits 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Circuits in Space vs. Circuits in Time 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Superposition 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 No Cloning 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.4 Reversibility 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.5 Entanglement 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Single-Qubit States 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Measurement and the Born Rule 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Unitary Operations and Single-Qubit Gates 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Two-Qubit Gates 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Two-Qubit States 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Matrix Representation of Two-Qubit Gates 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Controlled-NOT 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Bell State 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 No Cloning, Revisited 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Example: Deutsch’s Problem 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Key Characteristics of Quantum Computing 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Quantum Computing Systems 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Exercises 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Physics of Single Qubit Gates 25\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Requirements for a Quantum Computer 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Single Qubit Gates 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Rotations 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Two State Systems 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Creating Rotations: Rabi Oscillations 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Quantum State Tomography 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Expectation Values and the Pauli Operators 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Density Matrix 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Exercises 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Physics of Two Qubit Gates 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 √iSWAP Gate 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Coupled Tunable Qubits 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Cross Resonance Scheme 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Other Controlled Gates 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Two-Qubit States and the Density Matrix 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Exercises 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Superconducting Quantum Computer Systems 63\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Transmission Lines 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 General Transmission Line Equations 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Lossless Transmission Lines 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Transmission Lines with Loss 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Terminated Lossless Line 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Reflection Coefficient 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Power (Flow of Energy) and Return Loss 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Impedance as a Function of Position 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Quarter Wave Transformer 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6 Coaxial, Microstrip, and Coplanar Lines 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 S Parameters 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Lossless Condition 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Reciprocity 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Transmission (ABCD) Matrices 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Attenuators 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Circulators and Isolators 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Power Dividers\/Combiners 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Mixers 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Low-Pass Filters 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Noise 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.1 Thermal Noise 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.2 Equivalent Noise Temperature 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.3 Noise Factor and Noise Figure 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.4 Attenuators and Noise 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.5 Noise in Cascaded Systems 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Low Noise Amplifiers 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Exercises 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Resonators: Classical Treatment 107\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Parallel Lumped Element Resonator 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Capacitive Coupling to a Parallel Lumped-Element Resonator 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Transmission Line Resonator 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Capacitive Coupling to a Transmission Line Resonator 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Capacitively-Coupled Lossless Resonators 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Classical Model of Qubit Readout 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Exercises 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Resonators: Quantum Treatment 127\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Lagrangian Mechanics 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Hamilton’s Principle 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Calculus of Variations 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Lagrangian Equation of Motion 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Hamiltonian Mechanics 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Harmonic Oscillators 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Classical Harmonic Oscillator 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Quantum Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Raising and Lowering Operators 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Can a Harmonic Oscillator Be Used as a Qubit? 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Classical LC Resonant Circuit 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Quantization of the LC Circuit 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Circuit Electrodynamic Approach for General Circuits 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Circuit Model for Transmission Line Resonator 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Quantizing a Transmission Line Resonator 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.6 Quantized Coupled LC Resonant Circuits 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.7 Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and Interaction Pictures 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.8 Resonant Circuits and Qubits 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.9 The Dispersive Regime 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Exercises 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Theory of Superconductivity 159\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Bosons and Fermions 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Bloch Theorem 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Free Electron Model for Metals 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Discrete States in Finite Samples 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Phonons 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Debye Model 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Electron–Phonon Scattering and Electrical Conductivity 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Perfect Conductor vs. Superconductor 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer Theory of Superconductivity 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Cooper Pair Model 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Dielectric Function 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Jellium 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Scattering Amplitude and Attractive Electron–Electron Interaction 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Interpretation of Attractive Interaction 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.6 Superconductor Hamiltonian 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.7 Superconducting Ground State 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Electrodynamics of Superconductors 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Cooper Pairs and the Macroscopic Wave Function 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Potential Functions 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 London Equations 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 London Gauge 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.5 Penetration Depth 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.6 Flux Quantization 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Chapter Summary 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Exercises 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Josephson Junctions 195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Tunneling 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Reflection from a Barrier 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Finite Thickness Barrier 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Josephson Junctions 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Current and Voltage Relations 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Josephson Junction Hamiltonian 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Quantized Josephson Junction Analysis 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Josephson Junction Parametric Amplifiers 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Exercises 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Errors and Error Mitigation 211\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 NISQ Processors 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Decoherence 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 State Preparation and Measurement Errors 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Characterizing Gate Errors 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 State Leakage and Suppression Using Pulse Shaping 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Zero-Noise Extrapolation 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Optimized Control Using Deep Learning 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Exercises 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Quantum Error Correction 227\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Review of Classical Error Correction 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Error Detection 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Error Correction: Repetition Code 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Hamming Code 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Quantum Errors 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Detecting and Correcting Quantum Errors 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Bit Flip 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Phase Flip 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Correcting Bit and Phase Flips: Shor’s 9-Qubit Code 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Arbitrary Rotations 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Stabilizer Codes 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Stabilizers 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Stabilizers for Error Correction 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Operating on Logical Qubits 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Error Thresholds 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Concatenation of Error Codes 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Threshold Theorem 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Surface Codes 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.1 Stabilizers 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.2 Error Detection and Correction 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.3 Logical \u003ci\u003eX\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eZ\u003c\/i\u003e Operators 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.4 Multiple Qubits: Lattice Surgery 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.5 CNOT 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.6 Single-Qubit Gates 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Summary and Further Reading 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Exercises 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Quantum Logic: Efficient Implementation of Classical Computations 263\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Reversible Logic 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Reversible Logic Gates 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Reversible Logic Circuits 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Quantum Logic Circuits 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Entanglement and Uncomputing 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Multi-Qubit Gates 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Qubit Topology 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Efficient Arithmetic Circuits: Adder 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Quantum Ripple-Carry Adder 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 In-Place Ripple-Carry Adder 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Carry-Lookahead Adder 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Adder Comparison 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Phase Logic 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Controlled-\u003ci\u003eZ\u003c\/i\u003e and Controlled-Phase Gates 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Selective Phase Change 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Phase Logic Gates 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Summary and Further Reading 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Exercises 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Some Quantum Algorithms 291\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Computational Complexity 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Quantum Program Run-Time 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Classical Complexity Classes 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Quantum Complexity 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Grover’s Search Algorithm 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Grover Iteration 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Quantum Implementation 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Generalizations 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Quantum Fourier Transform 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Discrete Fourier Transform 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Quantum Implementation of the DFT 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Encoding Quantum States 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Quantum Implementation 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.6 Computational Complexity 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Quantum Phase Estimation 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Quantum Implementation 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Computational Complexity and Other Issues 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Shor’s Algorithm 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Hybrid Classical-Quantum Algorithm 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Finding the Period 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Computational Complexity 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Variational Quantum Algorithms 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Variational Quantum Eigensolver 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Challenges and Opportunities 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Summary and Further Reading 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Exercises 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDaniel D. Stancil, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e is the Alcoa Distinguished Professor and Head of Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Carolina State University. In addition to quantum computing, his research interests include spin waves, and microwave and optical devices and systems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e Gregory T. Byrd, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor and Associate Head of Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Carolina State University. His research focuses on both classical and quantum computer architecture and systems.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExplore the intersection of computer science, physics, and electrical and computer engineering with this discussion of the engineering of quantum computers\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Superconducting Quantum Computers\u003c\/i\u003e, a pair of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive and insightful discussion of the building of quantum computing hardware and systems. Bridging the gaps between computer science, physics, and electrical and computer engineering, the book focuses on the engineering topics of devices, circuits, control, and error correction. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing data from actual quantum computers, the authors illustrate critical concepts from quantum computing. Questions and problems at the end of each chapter assist students with learning and retention, while the text offers descriptions of fundamentals concepts ranging from the physics of gates to quantum error correction techniques. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors provide efficient implementations of classical computations, and the book comes complete with a solutions manual and demonstrations of many of the concepts discussed within. It also includes: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to qubits, gates, and circuits, including unitary transformations, single qubit gates, and controlled (two qubit) gates\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of the physics of single qubit gates, including the requirements for a quantum computer, rotations, two-state systems, and Rabi oscillations\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of the physics of two qubit gates, including tunable qubits, SWAP gates, controlled-NOT gates, and fixed frequency qubits\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examinations of superconducting quantum computer systems, including the need for cryogenic temperatures, transmission lines, S parameters, and more\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdeal for senior-level undergraduate and graduate students in electrical and computer engineering programs, \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Superconducting Quantum Computers\u003c\/i\u003e also deserves a place in the libraries of practicing engineers seeking a better understanding of quantum computer systems.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989854601445,"sku":"NP9781119750727","price":106.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119750727.jpg?v=1761785685","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/principles-of-superconducting-quantum-computers-isbn-9781119750727","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}