{"product_id":"practical-statistics-for-geographers-and-earth-scientists-isbn-9781119526971","title":"Practical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA practice-oriented and accessible introduction to geographical statistics\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the newly revised Second Edition of \u003ci\u003ePractical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists, \u003c\/i\u003edistinguished researcher Nigel Walford delivers an authoritative and easy-to-follow introduction to the principles and applications of statistical analysis in a geographical context. The book assists students in the development of competence in the statistical procedures necessary to conduct independent investigations, field-work, and related geographical research projects. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book explains statistical techniques relevant to geographical, geospatial, earth, and environmental data. It employs graphics and mathematical notation for maximum clarity. Guidance is provided on how to formulate research questions to ensure that the correct data is collected for the chosen analysis method. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis new edition incorporates a new section on exploratory spatial analysis and spatial statistics. It also offers: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to first principles in the statistical analysis of geographical data, including discussions of the quality, content, collection, and acquisition of geographical data\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth treatments of geographical data exploration, including the taking of statistical measures or quantities, as well as frequency distributions, probability, and hypotheses\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of testing times, including parametric and nonparametric tests\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eInsightful discussions of relationship investigation, including correlation and regression, as well as the spatial aspects of geographical data\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for undergraduates pursuing a degree in geography, \u003ci\u003ePractical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists\u003c\/i\u003e will also be a valuable tool for students in other earth and environmental sciences. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface to the Second Edition xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection I First Principles 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 What’s in a Number? 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction to Quantitative Analysis 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Nature of Numerical Data 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Simplifying Mathematical Notation 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Introduction to Case Studies and Structure of the Book 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Geographical Data: Quantity and Content 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Geographical Data 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Populations and Samples 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Probability Sampling Techniques 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Subjective Sampling Techniques 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Closing Comments on Sampling 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Specifying Attributes and Variables 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Geographical Phenomena as Points 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Geographical Phenomena as Lines 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Geographical Phenomena as Areas 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Closing Comments on Attributes and Variables 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Geographical Data: Collection and Acquisition 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Originating Data 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Collection Methods 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Field Observation, Measurement and Survey 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Questionnaire Surveys 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.1 Questionnaire Delivery 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.2 Question Wording 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.3 Questionnaire Structure 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.4 Questionnaire Design 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Administrative Records and Documents 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Interviewing, Focus Groups and Audio Recording 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Crowdsourced Data 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6 Remotely Sensed Collection Methods 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6.1 Satellite Imagery 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6.2 Aerial Photography 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Locating Phenomena in Geographical Space 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection II Exploring Geographical Data 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Statistical Measures (or Quantities) 89\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Descriptive Statistics 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Spatial Descriptive Statistics 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Central Tendency 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Measures for Non-spatial Data 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Measures for Spatial Data 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Distance Measures for Spatial Data 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Dispersion 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Measures for Non-spatial Data 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Measures for Spatial Data 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis for Non-spatial Data 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Closing Comments 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Frequency Distributions, Probability and Hypotheses 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Frequency Distributions 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Bivariate and Multivariate Frequency Distributions 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Estimation of Statistics from Frequency Distributions 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Probability 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Binomial Distribution 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Poisson Distribution 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Normal Distribution 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Inference and Hypotheses 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Connecting Summary Measures, Frequency Distributions and Probability 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection III Testing Times 161\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Parametric Tests 163\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction to Parametric Tests 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 One Variable and One Sample 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Comparing a Sample Mean with a Population Mean 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Comparing Differences Between Pairs of Measurements for a Sample Divided into Two Parts 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Two Samples and One Variable 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Comparing Two Sample Means with Population Means 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Comparing Two-Sample Variances with Population Variances 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Three or More Samples and One Variable 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Comparing Three or More Sample Means with Population Means 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Confidence Intervals 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Closing Comments 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Non-parametric Tests 197\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction to Non-parametric Tests 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 One Variable and One Sample 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Comparing a Sample Mean with a Population Mean 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Comparing a Sample’s Nominal Counts with a Population 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Comparing a Sample’s Ordinal Counts with a Population 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Comparing the Ordinal Sequence of Dichotomous Outcomes for a Sample with a Population 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Two Samples and One (or More) Variable(s) 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Comparing Two Attributes for One Sample (or One Attribute for Two or More Samples) 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Comparing the Medians of an Ordinal Variable for One or Two Samples 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Multiple Samples and\/or Multiple Variables 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Comparing Three or More Attributes for One Sample (or Two or More Attributes for Three or More Samples) 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Comparing the Medians of an Ordinal Variable for Three or More Samples (or One Sample Separated Into Three or More Groups) 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Closing Comments 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection IV Forming an Association or Relationship 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Correlation 235\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Nature of Relationships Between Variables 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Correlation of Normally Distributed Scalar Variables 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Correlating Ordinal Variables 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Correlation of Non-normally Distributed or Ordinal Variables 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Spearman’s Rank Correlation 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Kendall’s Tau Correlation Coefficient 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Correlation of Nominal Scale Attributes 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Phi Correlation Coefficient 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Cramer’s V Correlation Coefficient and the Kappa Index of Agreement 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Closing Comments 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Regression 267\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Specification of Linear Relationships 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Bivariate Regression 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Simple Linear (Ordinary Least Squares) Regression 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Testing the Significance of Simple Linear Regression 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.1 Testing the Whole OLS Regression Model 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.2 Testing the Constants and Predicted Y Values in OLS Regression 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Explanatory Power of OLS Regression and Effect of Limits in Range of X Values 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Non-linear Bivariate Relationships 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Forms of Non-linear and Curvilinear Bivariate Relationship 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Testing the Significance of Bivariate Polynomial Regression 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Complex Relationships 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Multivariate (Multiple) Regression 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Testing the Significance of Multivariate Regression 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Closing Comments 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection V Explicitly Spatial 307\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Exploring Spatial Aspects of Geographical Data 309\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Location of Spatial Entities 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Introduction to Spatial Autocorrelation 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Analysis of Spatial Patterns of Points 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Statistics Based on Distance 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.1 Nearest Neighbour Analysis 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.2 Ripley’s K Function 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Statistics Based on Quadrats 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.1 Variance–Mean Ratio 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.2 Pearson’s Chi-square Test 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Analysis of Spatial Patterns of Lines 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Analysis of Spatial Patterns of Polygons 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Closing Comments 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Analysis and Modelling of Spatial Data 337\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 More About Spatial Autocorrelation 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Global Spatial Autocorrelation 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Join Counts Statistics 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Moran’s I Index with Polygon Features 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Significance Testing and the Moran’s I Index 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Moran’s I Index with Point Features 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 Geary C and Getis-Ord G Statistics 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Local Measures of Spatial Association (LISA) 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Trend Surface Analysis 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Fitting a Global Surface 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Dealing with Local Variation in a Surface 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Closing Comments 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection VI Practical Application 407\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Practicalities of Applying, Interpreting and Visualising Quantitative Analysis in Geographical Projects 409\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Summary of Results from Quantitative Analysis of Previously Used Datasets 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Isle of Wight Residents’ Survey Dataset 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Les Bossons Glacier Meltwater Stream Dataset 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Mid-Wales Village Residents’ Shopping Survey 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Parked Cars and Other Vehicles along One Side of a Road 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.5 Pittsburgh Fast Food Restaurants 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.6 Sample of Farms in South-east England During the Early Years of World War II 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.7 Moraine Debris on Les Bossons Glacier Outwash (Sandur) Plain 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.8 Slit Trenches Dug for Defensive Purposes on the South Downs, England, During World War II 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.9 Fields Identified for Ploughing Up on Farms on the South Downs, England, During World War II 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.10 Distribution of Dianthus gratianopolitanus on Mont Cantal in the Auvergne, France 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.11 Index of Multiple Deprivation in the 33 London Boroughs, 2007 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Describing and Presenting Quantitative Results in Geographical Journal Articles 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Software for Quantitative Analysis 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Data Input and Storage 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Data Processing and Statistical Software 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Introduction to Human and Physical Geography Projects 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Crime and Deprivation 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.1 Research Context 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.2 Data and Methods 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.3 Results 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.4 Discussion and Limitations 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Pick Your Own Farm Enterprises 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2.1 Research Context 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2.2 Data and Methods 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2.3 Results 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2.4 Discussion and Limitations 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Trees and Greenspaces in Urban Environments 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3.1 Research Context 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3.2 Data and Methods 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3.3 Results 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3.4 Discussion and Limitations 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Closing Comments 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlate section: Statistical Analysis Planner and Checklist falls between pages 159 and 161\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNigel Walford \u003c\/b\u003eis Professor of Applied Geographical Information Systems at Kingston University in the United Kingdom.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA practice-oriented and accessible introduction to geographical statistics\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the newly revised Second Edition of \u003ci\u003ePractical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists, \u003c\/i\u003edistinguished researcher Nigel Walford delivers an authoritative and easy-to-follow introduction to the principles and applications of statistical analysis in a geographical context. The book assists students in the development of competence in the statistical procedures necessary to conduct independent investigations, field-work, and related geographical research projects. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book explains statistical techniques relevant to geographical, geospatial, earth, and environmental data. It employs graphics and mathematical notation for maximum clarity. Guidance is provided on how to formulate research questions to ensure that the correct data is collected for the chosen analysis method. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis new edition incorporates a new section on exploratory spatial analysis and spatial statistics. It also offers: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to first principles in the statistical analysis of geographical data, including discussions of the quality, content, collection, and acquisition of geographical data\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth treatments of geographical data exploration, including the taking of statistical measures or quantities, as well as frequency distributions, probability, and hypotheses\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of testing times, including parametric and nonparametric tests\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eInsightful discussions of relationship investigation, including correlation and regression, as well as the spatial aspects of geographical data\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for undergraduates pursuing a degree in geography, \u003ci\u003ePractical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists\u003c\/i\u003e will also be a valuable tool for students in other earth and environmental sciences.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989836153061,"sku":"NP9781119526971","price":55.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119526971.jpg?v=1761785627","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/practical-statistics-for-geographers-and-earth-scientists-isbn-9781119526971","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}