{"product_id":"practical-field-ecology-isbn-9781119413226","title":"Practical Field Ecology","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOffers a comprehensive, accessible introduction to experimental design, field monitoring skills for plants and animals, data analysis, interpretation and reporting\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis user-friendly book presents field monitoring skills for both plants and animals, within the context of a research project. This text provides a single resource to take the reader all the way through from the planning stage, into the field, guiding through sampling, organism identification, computer-based data analysis and interpretation, and finally how to present the results to maximise the impact of the work. Logically structured throughout, and revised extensively in the second edition, the book concentrates on the techniques required to design a field-based ecological survey and shows how to execute an appropriate sampling regime. It evaluates appropriate sampling and analytical methods, identifying potential problems associated with various techniques and how to mitigate these.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second edition of this popular text has updated reference material and weblinks, increased the number of case studies by 50% to illustrate the use of specific techniques in the field, added over 20% more figures (including 8 colour plates), and made more extensive use of footnotes to provide extra details. Extensions to topics covered in the first edition include additional discussion of: ethical issues; statistical methods (sample size estimation, use of the statistical package R, mixed models); bioindicators, especially for freshwater pollution; seeds, fecundity and population dynamics including static and dynamic life tables; forestry techniques including tree coring and tree mortality calculations; the use of data repositories; writing for a journal and producing poster and oral presentations. In addition, the use of new and emerging technologies has been a particular focus, including mobile apps for environmental monitoring and identification; land cover and GIS; the use of drones including legal frameworks and codes of practice; molecular field techniques including DNA analysis in the field (including eDNA); photo-matching for identifying individuals; camera trapping; modern techniques for detecting and analysing bat echolocation calls; and data storage using the cloud.  \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivided into six distinct chapters, \u003ci\u003ePractical Field Ecology, 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c\/sup\u003e Edition\u003c\/i\u003e begins at project inception with a chapter on planning—covering health and safety, along with guidance on how to ensure that the sampling and experimental design is suitable for subsequent statistical analysis. Following a chapter dealing with site characterisation and general aspects of species identification, subsequent chapters describe the techniques used to survey and census particular groups of organisms. The final chapters cover analysing, interpreting and presenting data, and writing up the research.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eOffers a readable and approachable integrated guide devoted to field-based research projects\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTakes students from the planning stage, into the field, and clearly guides them through organism identification in the laboratory and computer-based data analysis, interpretation and data presentation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes a chapter on how to write project reports and present findings in a variety of formats to differing audiences\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAimed at undergraduates taking courses in Ecology, Biology, Geography, and Environmental Science, \u003ci\u003ePractical Field Ecology, 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c\/sup\u003e Edition\u003c\/i\u003e will also benefit postgraduates seeking to support their projects.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Tables xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Figures xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Boxes xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Case Studies xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Plates xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface to the Second Edition xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface to the First Edition xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xxxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Preparation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoosing a topic for study 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological research questions 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring individual species and groups of species 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring species richness 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring population sizes and density 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring community structure 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring behaviour 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA note of caution 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreating aims, objectives, and hypotheses 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReviewing the literature 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary literature 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary literature 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther sources of information 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSearch terms 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading papers 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical considerations 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegal aspects 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical issues 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth and safety issues 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplementation 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquipment and technical support 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField\/laboratory notebook 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePilot studies 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime management 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical considerations in project design 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesigning and setting up experiments and surveys 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoosing sampling methods 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of data 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling designs 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning statistical analysis 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescribing data 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsking questions about data 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictive analysis 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamining patterns and structure in communities 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Monitoring Site Characteristics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite selection 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite characterisation 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHabitat mapping 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamination of landscape scale 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring microclimatic variables 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring substrates 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring water 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther physical attributes 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring biological attributes 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Sampling Plants and Other Static Organisms \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e85\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling for static organisms 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeeds, fecundity, and population dynamics 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuadrat sampling 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity estimation using quadrats 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency estimation using quadrats 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCover estimation using quadrats 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomass estimation within quadrats 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuadrat size 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNested quadrats 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlacement of quadrats 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuadrat shape 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePin-frames 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransects 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlotless sampling 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of static organisms 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForestry techniques 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree diameter 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree basal area 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight of trees 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTimber volume 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCanopy cover 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge and mortality 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Sampling Mobile Organisms \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e119\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral issues 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of mobile organisms 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect observation 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehaviour 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect methods 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapture techniques 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarking individuals 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadio-Tracking 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation dynamics 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvertebrates 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect observation 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eButterfly census method 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect methods 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing insect sounds 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapture techniques 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKilling and preserving invertebrates 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarking individuals 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapturing aquatic invertebrates 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetting 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuction sampling 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenthic coring 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrags, dredges, and grabs 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWet extraction 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtificial substrate samplers 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaited traps and refuges 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapturing soil-living invertebrates 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSieving 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFloatation and phase-separation 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTullgren funnels and similar methods of dry extraction 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical extraction 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrical extraction 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapturing ground-active invertebrates 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePitfall traps 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuction samplers 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergence traps 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapturing invertebrates from plants 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePootering 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSweep netting 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeating 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFogging 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapturing airborne invertebrates 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSticky traps 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing attractants 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefuges 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlight interception traps 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight traps 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotary traps 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater (pan) traps 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect observation 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect methods 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapture techniques 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNets and traps 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollecting fish larvae 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrofishing 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarking individuals 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmphibians 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect observation 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect methods 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCounting egg masses 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing environmental DNA (eDNA) 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapture techniques 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling adults in water 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling adults on land 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTadpoles 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJuveniles\/metamorphs 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarking individuals 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReptiles 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect observation 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect methods 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapture techniques 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHand-capture 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraps 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarking individuals 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBirds 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect observation 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTimed species count 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon bird census\/breeding bird survey 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoint counts 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransect line counts 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance sampling 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlush counts 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect methods 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCounting nests at a distance 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBird song 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapture techniques 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMist netting 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropelled nets 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarking individuals 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMammals 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect observation 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect methods 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapture techniques 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarking individuals 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Analysing and Interpreting Information \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e275\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeys to tests 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploring and describing data 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransforming and screening data 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraphical display of data 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of central tendency and sample variability 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial and temporal distributions 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation estimation techniques: densities and population sizes 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRichness and diversity 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarity, dissimilarity, and distance coefficients 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecording descriptive statistics 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTesting hypotheses using basic statistical tests and simple general linear models 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferences between samples 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationships between variables 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociations between frequency distributions 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore advanced general linear models for predictive analysis 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple regression 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscriminant function analysis 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneralized linear models 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtensions of the generalized linear model 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtensions of generalized linear models and GAMs into mixed-effects models 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical methods to examine pattern and structure in communities: classification, indicator species, and ordination 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification techniques when the number of groups is known 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance testing for group membership: analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification techniques when the number of groups is unknown 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndicator species analysis 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrdination 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect gradient analysis 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing ordinations and matrix data 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect gradient analysis 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Presenting Information \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e343\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten reports 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTitle 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContents 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIllustrations (Tables, Figures, Plates, Equations, etc.) 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCiting papers 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendices 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArchiving data 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors’ contributions 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWriting style 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTense 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassive tense 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumbers 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePunctuation 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoice of font 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon mistakes 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputer files 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific guidance for writing for a journal 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific guidance for preparing a poster 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific guidance for preparing an oral presentation 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 1 Glossary of Statistical Terms 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 409\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC. PHILIP WHEATER, P\u003csmall\u003eH\u003c\/small\u003eD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor Emeritus in Environmental and Geographical Sciences at Manchester Metropolitan University. He has published widely in the fields of environmental science, environmental management, biogeography and ecology, including on plants, invertebrates, mammals, and amphibians. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePENNY A. COOK, P\u003csmall\u003eH\u003c\/small\u003eD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor in Public Health at the University of Salford, UK. She teaches statistical analysis, is a Statistical Editor of a peer-reviewed journal, and has published on greenspace, biodiversity and health and well-being, as well as on behavior and evolutionary ecology. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAMES R. BELL, P\u003csmall\u003eH\u003c\/small\u003eD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Head of the Rothamsted Insect Survey, Rothamsted Research, UK. He has published widely on insect migration, climate change impacts on insects and the ecology of invertebrates. He has an interest in the analysis of large data sets as well as surveillance and monitoring technologies.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOffers a comprehensive, accessible introduction to experimental design, field monitoring skills for plants and animals, data analysis, interpretation, and reporting\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis user-friendly book presents field monitoring skills for both plants and animals, within the context of a research project. This text provides a single resource to take the reader all the way through from the planning stage, into the field, guiding through sampling, organism identification, computer-based data analysis and interpretation, and finally how to present the results to maximise the impact of the work. Logically structured throughout, and revised extensively in the second edition, the book concentrates on the techniques required to design a field-based ecological survey and shows how to execute an appropriate sampling regime. It evaluates appropriate sampling and analytical methods, identifying potential problems associated with various techniques and how to mitigate these. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second edition of this popular text has updated reference material and weblinks, increased the number of case studies by 50% to illustrate the use of specific techniques in the field, added over 20% more figures (including 8 colour plates), and made more extensive use of footnotes to provide extra details. Extensions to topics covered in the first edition include additional discussion of: ethical issues; statistical methods (sample size estimation, use of the statistical package R, mixed models); bioindicators, especially for freshwater pollution; seeds, fecundity, and population dynamics including static and dynamic life tables; forestry techniques including tree coring and tree mortality calculations; the use of data repositories; writing for a journal and producing poster and oral presentations. In addition, the use of new and emerging technologies has been a particular focus, including mobile apps for environmental monitoring and identification; land cover and GIS; the use of drones including legal frameworks and codes of practice; molecular field techniques including DNA analysis in the field (including eDNA); photo-matching for identifying individuals; camera trapping; modern techniques for detecting and analysing bat echolocation calls; and data storage using the cloud. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivided into six distinct chapters, \u003ci\u003ePractical Field Ecolo\u003c\/i\u003egy, 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c\/sup\u003e Edition begins at project inception with a chapter on planning—covering health and safety, along with guidance on how to ensure that the sampling and experimental design is suitable for subsequent statistical analysis. Following a chapter dealing with site characterisation and general aspects of species identification, subsequent chapters describe the techniques used to survey and census particular groups of organisms. The final chapters cover analysing, interpreting and presenting data, and writing up the research. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eOffers a readable and approachable integrated guide devoted to field-based research projects\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTakes students from the planning stage, into the field, and clearly guides them through organism identification in the laboratory and computer-based data analysis, interpretation and data presentation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes a chapter on how to write project reports and present findings in a variety of formats to differing audiences\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAimed at undergraduates taking courses in Ecology, Biology, Geography, and Environmental Science, \u003ci\u003ePractical Field Ecology,\u003c\/i\u003e 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c\/sup\u003e Edition will also benefit postgraduates seeking to support their projects.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989830910181,"sku":"NP9781119413226","price":48.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119413226.jpg?v=1761785609","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/practical-field-ecology-isbn-9781119413226","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}