{"product_id":"poisonous-plants-and-phytochemicals-in-drug-discovery-isbn-9781119650232","title":"Poisonous Plants and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFocusing on phytochemicals and their potential for drug discovery, this book offers a comprehensive resource on poisonous plants and their applications in chemistry and in pharmacology.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eProvides a comprehensive resource on phytotoxins, covering historical perspectives, modern applications, and their potential in drug discovery\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers the mechanisms, benefits, risks and management protocols of phytotoxins in a scientific laboratory and the usefulness in drug discovery\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePresents chapters in a carefully designed, clear order, making it an ideal resource for the academic researcher or the industry professional at any stage in their career\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Figures xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Tables xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEditors xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Historical Use of Toxic Plants 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGodwin Anywar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction to Toxic Plants 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Poisonous Plants as Sources of Traditional and Modern Medicines 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Toxic Plants and Justice 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Toxic Plants in Capital Punishment 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Trial by Ordeal 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Toxic Plants in Poisoned Weapons 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Arrow Poisons 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Plant Fishing Poisons\/Piscicides\/Ichthyotoxins 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Poisonous Plants as Food 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Poisonous Plants as Biopesticides 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Toxic Psychoactive Plants for Recreational and Religious Purposes 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Poisonous Plants in Warfare and Bioterrorism 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Poisonous Plants as Carcinogens and Teratogens 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Conclusion 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Classification of Phytotoxins and their Mechanisms of Action \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndrew G. Mtewa, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Kennedy J. Ngwira, Fanuel Lampiao, Umang Shah, and Thokozani Kachulu Mtewa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Endophytic Phytotoxins 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Secondary Metabolites 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Possible Categorization 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Biological Characteristics 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Chemical Characteristics 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Currently Available Classification Tools 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Role of Phytotoxin Classification 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Drug Discovery 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Environmental Monitoring 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Phytotoxins, Aquatic Life, and Water Quality 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Air Contamination 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Food Contamination 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6 Security and Safety Services 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7 Agricultural 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Brief Mechanisms of Action 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusion 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Poisonous Plants as Sources of Anticancer and Other Drugs \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e31\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFélicien Mushagalusa Kasali, Andrew G. Mtewa, and Gaétan Tabakam\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Poisonous Plants in the Treatment of Cancer and Other Diseases 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Poisonous Plant-Based Anticancer Drugs that are on the Market 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Poisonous Plant-Based Drugs Against Other Diseases that are on the Market 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Conclusion 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Drugs in Clinical Practice from Toxic Plants and Phytochemicals \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e79\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTadele Mekuriya Yadesa, Patrick Engeu Ogwang, and Casim Umba Tolo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Drugs in Clinical Practice from Toxic Plants 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Curare 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.1 Morphine 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.2 Cocaine 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.3 Ergot Alkaloids 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Atropine, Scopolamine, and Hyoscyamine 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Physostigmine and Other Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Antitumor Agents 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5.1 Podophyllotoxin and Etoposide 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5.2 Taxanes 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5.3 Vincristine and Vinblastine 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6 Other Drugs 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6.1 Cardiac Glycosides 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6.2 Colchicine 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6.3 Coumarins 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6.4 Nicotine and the Neonicotinoids 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Toxicology and Health Benefits of Plant Alkaloids \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e95\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIbrahim Chikowe, Andrew G. Mtewa, and Duncan C. Sesaazi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Pharmacological Properties of Alkaloids 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Toxicological Properties of Alkaloids 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Acute and Chronic Toxicities 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Genotoxicity and Tumorigenicity 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Lung Toxicity, Neurotoxicity, and Teratogenicity 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Factors that Influence the Toxicological Profile of Alkaloids 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusion 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Chemical and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Plant-Derived Neurotoxins \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e109\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAmanjot Annu, Reuben S. Maghembe, Andrew G. Mtewa, and G.M. Narasimha Rao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Nerve Agents 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Chemical Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity Induced by Organophosphate Nerve Agents 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Mustards 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Effect of HD on Skin 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Effect of HD on Other Organs 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 The Activation of HD 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Mechanism of Action 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Plant Natural Neurotoxins 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Plant Glycosides 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Conclusion 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Phytosedatives for Drug Discovery \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e123\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShahira M. Ezzat, Ahmed Zayed, and Mohamed A. Salem\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Treatment of Neuropsychological Disorders: The Current Scenario 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Phytosedatives: Desirable Alternatives to Synthesized Drugs 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Different Classes of Phytosedatives 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Flavonoids 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Alkaloids 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Essential Oils 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Other Classes of Phytosedatives 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Plants with Reported Sedative Actions 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusion 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Mushroom Species and Classification: Bioactives in Poisonous and Edible Mushrooms \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e163\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSadia Zafar, Farhat Jabeen, Muhammad Akram, Zarfishan Riaz, and Naveed Munir\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Classification of Mushrooms 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Edible Mushrooms 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Non-Edible Mushrooms 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Bioactive Agents in Mushroom Species 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Bioactive Agents in Non-Edible Mushroom Species 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Polysaccharides 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Glucans 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Polysaccharide–Protein Complexes 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Terpenes 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Phenolic Compounds 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.6 Peptides and Proteins 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Other Bioactive Compounds of Mushroom Species 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Conclusion 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Toxicity Protocols for Natural Products in the Drug Development Process \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e189\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTamirat Bekele Beressa, Amanjot Annu, and Andrew G. Mtewa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 In Vitro Toxicity Testing for Natural Products 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Cell Culture Method for Toxicity Testing 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Cell Culture for Acute Toxicology Testing 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Methods Used for In Vitro Toxicity Studies 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 MTT Assay 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Neutral Red Uptake Assay 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 In Vitro Models for Liver Toxicity 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 In Vitro Models for Nephrotoxicity Studies 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 In Vitro Model for Dermal Toxicity Testing 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Mutagenicity Testing In Vitro 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Bacterial Cell System 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Reproductive and Teratogenicity Studies In Vitro 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.1 H295R Steroidogenesis Assay 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.2 Embryonic Stem Cell Test 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.3 Whole Rat Embryo Cultures 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 In Vivo Toxicity Testing of Natural Products 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.1 Acute Toxicity Testing 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.2 Subchronic Toxicity Testing 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.3 Chronic Toxicity Testing 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.4 Dermal and Ocular Toxicity 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.5 Toxicity Testing for Fertility and Reproduction 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.6 Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with Reproduction\/Developmental Testing 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.7 In Vivo Carcinogenicity Testing 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Conclusion 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Quality Control for the Safety of Natural Products \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e213\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTadele Mekuriya Yadesa, Patrick Engeu Ogwang, and Casim Umba Tolo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Quality Assurance of Herbal Products 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Methods of Quality Control for Herbal Products 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 DNA-Based Technologies 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Good Practice Guidelines 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Chemoprofiling 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Toxicology 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Monographs and Pharmacopeias 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6 Preclinical Evidence of Safety and Efficacy 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.7 Systems Biology 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.8 Animal Experimentation 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.9 Clinical Evidence of Safety and Efficacy 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 WHO Guidelines for Quality Standardization of Herbal Formulations 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Quality Control of Crude Material 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Identity of Plant Material 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Safety Assessment and Documentation 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Concept of Validation in Herbal Products 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Challenges Related to Quality Control and Monitoring the Safety of Herbal Products 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Secondary Metabolites and Toxins of Microbial Origin for the Treatment of Diseases \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e225\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDharmandra Baria, Umang Shah, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, and Andrew G. Mtewa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Antimicrobial Agents from Microbial Sources 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Antifungal Agents from Microbial Sources 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Anticancer Agents from Microbial Sources 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Hypocholesterolemic Agents from Microbial Sources 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Immunosuppressants from Microbial Sources 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Enzyme Inhibitors from Microbial Sources 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Antiparasitic Agents from Microbial Sources 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Recent Advances in Drug Discovery from Microbial Sources 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Development of Phyto-Antidotes Against Adverse Chemical Agents \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e249\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRoman Lysiuk, Petro Oliynyk, Halyna Antonyak, and Dmytro Voronenko\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Heavy Metals and their Effects on the Body 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Detoxification Properties of Biologically Active Substances of Plant-Based Foods 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Pectins 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Phytin 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Betalains 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Phytochelatins 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Ellagic Acid 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.6 Miscellaneous 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Current State of Clinical Application of Phyto-Antidotes 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Further Prospects in the Search for Promising Phyto-Antidotes 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Conclusions 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Nanoformulated Herbal Drug Delivery as Efficient Antidotes Against Systemic Poisons \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e269\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrabir Kumar Kulabhusan, Shailaja Agrawal, Jaison Jeevanandam, and Michael K. Danquah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes for Systemic Poisons 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes for Heavy Metal Poisoning 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes for Snake Venom Poisoning 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Nanoformulated Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Micelles and Liposomes 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Mechanism of Nanoformulated Herbal Phytochemicals against Systemic Poisoning 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Future Perspectives 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Conclusion 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Phytochemical-Based Nanoparticles as Foes and Friends \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e295\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCharles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwaseyi Olaniyan, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, and Itoan Roli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Phytochemicals Used in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nanoparticles 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Wound-Healing Effects of Nanoparticles 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Antiparasitic, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities of Nanoparticles 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Neuroprotective Effects of Nanoparticles 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Cardioprotective Effects of Nanoparticles 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Anticancer Effects of Nanoparticles 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Advantages of Nanoparticles 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Disadvantages of Nanoparticles 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Conclusion and Future Directions 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Application of Metabolomics in Emergency Phytochemical Poisoning and Remediation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e323\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohamed A. Salem, Ahmed Zayed, and Shahira M. Ezzat\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Natural Products: Safety and Toxicity 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Safety 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Toxicity and Natural Killers 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Biological Systems in Phytochemical Poisoning and Remediation 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Metabolomics: An Important Functional Genomics Tool 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Essential Components of a Metabolomics Workflow 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Sample Preparation 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Analytical Methods in Metabolomics 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.4 Metabolite Identification 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.5 Data Processing and Analysis 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.6 Pathway Analysis 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Assessment of Toxicity of Herbal Medicines Using Metabolomics 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Application of Metabolomics in Emergency Phytochemical Poisoning and Remediation 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 Hepatotoxicity of Triptolide 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2 Hepatotoxicity of Noscapine 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Conclusion 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Methods for the Detection and Identification of Phytotoxins \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e349\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSenyo Botchie and Andrew G. Mtewa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Phytotoxins 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Importance of Toxins 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Methods Generally Used for Phytotoxin Detection 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Biological Method Review of Detecting Phytotoxins 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Chemical and Microbiological Reagents 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Protease Inhibition Detection Protocol 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Exposure of the Protease Detection Plate to a Protease Inhibitor or Bacterial Growth (Step 1) 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Exposure to a Protease-Containing Solution (Step 2) 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Detecting Zones of Protease Inhibition (Step 3) 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Isolation of Phytotoxins from Microorganisms 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Detection of Phytotoxins Isolated from Fungi 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Purification of the Extracted Phytotoxins 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Conclusion 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Categorization, Management, and Regulation of Potentially Weaponizable Toxic Plants \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e359\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Akram and Rabia Zahid\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Management of Weaponized Natural Food Agents 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Techniques Used for Extraction, Segregation, and Decontamination of Phytochemicals 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Solvent-Based Extraction of Phenolic Compounds 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Microwave-Associated Extraction 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Techniques for Identification of Bioactive Compounds 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Mass Spectrometry 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Types of Natural Phytotoxins 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Aquatic Biotoxins 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Glycosides 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.3 Other Common Phytotoxins 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conclusion 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 In Silico Modeling as a Tool to Predict and Characterize Plant Toxicity \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e367\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCharles Oluwaseun Adetunji, William Peter Mitembo, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, and G.M. Narasimha Rao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Components of In Silico Toxicity Methods 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Databases 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Molecular Descriptors 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Toxicity Models and Modeling Software 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.4 Simulation Packages 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Modeling Methods 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Structural Alerts\/Rule Based 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Statistical Structure-Based Activity Relationship Models 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.1 Read-Across 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Conclusion 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 379\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eANDREW G. MTEWA\u003c\/b\u003e trained in Medicinal Chemistry for his PhD under the WCAIR at the University of Dundee in Scotland and also at the Mbarara University of Science and Technology in Uganda. He teaches Chemistry at the Malawi University of Science and Technology in Malawi. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHUKWUEBUKA EGBUNA, MICCON, AMRSC,\u003c\/b\u003e is a chartered chemist, a chemical analyst, and an academic researcher. He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees in Biochemistry at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria. He is a PhD fellow in Nutritional Biochemistry\/Toxicology with the World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eD\u003csmall\u003eR\u003c\/small\u003e. G. M. NARASIMHA RAO\u003c\/b\u003e is an Associate Professor of Botany at Andhra University, where he also obtained his MSc in Botany and M.Phil in Marine Algal Ecology.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePOISONOUS PLANTS \u003csmall\u003eAND\u003c\/small\u003e PHYTOCHEMICALS \u003csmall\u003eIN\u003c\/small\u003e DRUG DISCOVERY\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFocusing on phytochemicals and their potential for drug discovery, this book offers a comprehensive resource on poisonous plants and their applications in chemistry and pharmacology. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProvides a comprehensive resource on phytotoxins, covering historical perspectives, modern applications, and their potential in drug discovery \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers the mechanisms, benefits, risks, and management  protocols of phytotoxins in a scientific laboratory and their usefulness  in drug discovery\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eWritten and edited by leading researchers in phytochemistry,  medicinal chemistry, analytical chemistry, toxicology, and more\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePresents chapters in a carefully designed and clear order, making  it an ideal resource for the academic researcher or the industry  professional at any career stage\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989803352293,"sku":"NP9781119650232","price":200.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119650232.jpg?v=1761785528","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/poisonous-plants-and-phytochemicals-in-drug-discovery-isbn-9781119650232","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}