{"product_id":"planning-gain-isbn-9781118219812","title":"Planning Gain","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eWinner of the Royal Town Planning Institute award for research excellence\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis critical examination of the development and implementation of planning gain is timely given recent changes to the economic and policy environment.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book looks both at the British context as well as experience in other developed economies and takes stock of how the policy has evolved. It examines the rationale for planning gain, how it has delivered substantial funds for infrastructure and affordable housing and, in the light of this, how it might continue to play a role in the funding of these.  It also draws on overseas experience, for example on impact fees and public sector land assembly.  It looks at lessons from the past for future policy, both for Britain and for countries overseas.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanisms to tap development value are also a global phenomenon in developed market economies - whether through formal taxation or negotiated contributions.  As fiscal austerity becomes an increasingly challenging issue, ‘planning gain’ has grown in importance as a potential source of funding for infrastructure and new affordable housing, with many countries keen to examine, learn from, and adapt the experience of others.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003ea critical commentary of planning gain as a policy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003etimely post credit crunch analysis\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eaddresses recent planning policy changes\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword by Dame Kate Barker xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes on Contributors xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTony Crook, John Henneberry and Christine Whitehead\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurpose of the book 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe development process and the creation of development value 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe taxation of development value 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors affecting effective development value capture 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty rights and ownership 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe need for finance 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ownership of development rights 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxing value or raising charges 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRules versus discretion? 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFixed taxes, tariffs and negotiated contributions 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothecation and contract 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey factors behind the development of planning gain policy in England 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolitical economy 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe planning system 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral–local relations: Local discretion, innovation and adoption 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinitions 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe structure of the book 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The Economics of Development Value and Planning Gain 20\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChristine Whitehead\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhy is land and its value special? 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe potential to tax increasing land values without generating inefficiency 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of planning on development values – the creation of planning gain 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow are these values achieved? 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning affects land supply 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning affects demand 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning affects density of construction and use 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning affects prices and quantities 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBringing together the possibilities 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstruments available to capture planning gain 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Capturing Development Value Through de jure National Taxation: The English Experience 37\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTony Crook\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBetterment and development value defined 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompensation and betterment: the Uthwatt principles 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxing development value: post-war national schemes 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1947: The development charge and the central land tribunal 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1967: Betterment levy and land commission 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1974, 1975 and 1976: Development Gains Tax, the Community Land Scheme and Development Land Tax 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLessons learned 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Planning Obligations Policy in England: de facto Taxation of Development Value 63\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTony Crook\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning obligations: the key principles 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing planning obligations to secure land and funding for affordable housing 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall framework 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetailed requirements 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent policy initiatives 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTariffs 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptional planning charge 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning gain supplement 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity infrastructure levy 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges to CIL and new LPA incentives 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViability and S106 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCIL policy: concluding comments 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Development Viability 115\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohn Henneberry\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment viability 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThreshold land value 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable of Contents ix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment appraisal 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty development within the wider property market 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment appraisal 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimating the residual value of a residential development site 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessing the impact of planning obligations and developer’s contributions on the viability of development proposals 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccounting for spatial and temporal variations in the development market 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion: addressing the viability dilemma? 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 The Incidence and Value of Planning Obligations 140\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSteven Rowley and Tony Crook\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growth of obligations 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods for measuring the incidence and calculating the value of planning obligations in England 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of obligations in England 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAffordable housing obligations in England 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total value of planning obligations agreed in England 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning obligations in Scotland and Wales 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural exceptions schemes 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWho pays for the obligations? 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Spatial Variation in the Incidence and Value of Planning Obligations 175\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRichard Dunning, Ed Ferrari, and Craig Watkins\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefining and disseminating good practice in planning obligations 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview of earlier evidence 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood practice research and advice 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplications of evidence and good practice guides 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA note on Scotland and Wales 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegional variations in the value of planning obligations 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative analysis of the drivers of the incidence and value of planning obligations 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative explanations for spatial variations in planning obligations 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changing practice context 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStretching the ‘rational nexus‘ 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelivery 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Delivering Planning Obligations – Are Agreements Successfully Delivered? 201\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGemma Burgess and Sarah Monk\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhy consider delivery of planning obligations? 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of planning obligations 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase-study evidence of successful delivery of planning obligations 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative evidence on the delivery of obligations 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe factors affecting the delivery of affordable housing obligations 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrends in the delivery of affordable housing 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of the economic downturn on delivery 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplementing the community infrastructure levy 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 International Experience 227\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSarah Monk and Tony Crook\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction: making comparisons and transferring experience 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning policy, planning legislation and its administration 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloper contributions to infrastructure 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloper contributions to affordable housing 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermany 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning authorities and the planning system 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial mechanisms for controlling growth 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand readjustment 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProvision of housing and related infrastructure 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning institutions and planning policies 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanging housing policies 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProviding land and related infrastructure 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited States 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe constitution, planning and its administration 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloper contributions to infrastructure: impact fees 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of fees on prices and land values 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloper contributions to affordable housing: inclusionary zoning and linkage fees 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinkage fees 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and conclusions: comparing the English and international experience 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable of Contents xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Summary and Conclusions 269\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTony Crook, John Henneberry, and Christine Whitehead\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolicies for capturing development value 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational approaches 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocally based approaches 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational experience 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe economics of planning obligations 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sources and measurement of value 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe complexities in assessing development gain 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning constraints 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproaches to capturing gains 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe financial aspects of planning obligations 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLooking forward: England 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLooking forward: international experience 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 291\u003c\/p\u003e \"Staff from the Department of Urban Studies and Planning have won this year’s coveted Excellence in Planning Research Award for their text on Planning Gain. The award is made annually by the Royal Town Planning Institute, the global learned society and professional institute of chartered planners, following peer review of the best of the year's planning research by leading academics and practitioners. The award recognises the high quality and policy relevance of the work on planning obligations led by Emeritus Professor Tony Crook, Professor John Henneberry and Professor Christine Whitehead (at LSE) in collaboration with colleagues in the department, at the University of Cambridge and at the London School of Economics. \u003cp\u003eThe work was commissioned by a wide range of organisations, including research councils and charities, government departments, and trade and professional bodies. Practitioners and policy makers helped design the research to secure its policy relevance. The work has led to many research reports, articles in research and professional journals, papers at professional and academic conferences, submissions to government consultations and parliamentary select committees' inquiries, and briefings for the policy and practice communities (local and central government and the legal, planning and property professions). The researchers regularly provided independent evidence on how planning obligations worked, critically commenting both on their effectiveness and on the policy changes regularly proposed.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll this work was brought together in \u003ci\u003ePlanning Gain\u003c\/i\u003eauthored by the award winners and published in 2016. The book tells the 'story' of how planning obligations became an effective means of capturing development value and of securing affordable housing and infrastructure funding from developers, in a way that is accessible both to other researchers and to policy professionals.\"\u003cbr\u003e—\u003cb\u003eThe University of Sheffield, press release (9\/9\/2016)\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessor Tony Crook\u003c\/strong\u003e is a chartered town planner, Emeritus Professor of Town \u0026amp; Regional Planning and former Pro Vice Chancellor of the University of Sheffield. His current research focuses on planning obligations and affordable housing and on the supply side of the private rented housing sector. His co-authored book with Professor Peter A Kemp, \u003cem\u003eTransforming Private Landlords\u003c\/em\u003e was published by Wiley Blackwell in 2011. He is also actively engaged in policy and practice. He is chair emeritus of the Shelter Trustee Board, Deputy Chair of the Orbit Housing Group, a non executive director of a regional house-builder, a Trustee of the Coalfields Regeneration Trust, a council member of the Academy of Social Sciences, and a member of the Royal Town Planning Institute Trustee Board. He is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences and was appointed CBE in 2014 for his services to housing and the governance of charities. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessor John Henneberry\u003c\/strong\u003e is a charted town planner, a chartered surveyor and Professor of Property Development Studies in Department of Urban Studies and Planning at the University of Sheffield. His research focuses on the structure and behaviour of the property market and its relation to the wider economy and state regulatory systems. He has particular interests in property development and investment and their contribution to urban and regional development. He has developed a distinctive 'old' institutional approach to property research that focuses on the impact of social, cultural and behavioural influences on market actors, structures, processes and outcomes. He is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessor Christine Whitehead\u003c\/strong\u003e is Emeritus Professor of Housing Economics at the London School of Economics and was for twenty years Director of the Cambridge Centre of Housing and Planning Research at the University of Cambridge. She is an internationally respected applied economist working mainly in the fields of housing economics, finance and policy. Major themes in her recent research have included analysis of the relationship between planning and housing; the role of private renting in European housing systems; financing social housing in the UK and Europe; and more broadly the application of economic concepts and techniques to questions of public resource allocation with respect to housing, education, policing and urban regeneration. Her latest book, with Kath Scanlon and Melissa Fernandez, \u003cem\u003eSocial Housing in Europe\u003c\/em\u003e, was published by Wiley Blackwell in July 2014. She is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences and was appointed OBE in 1991 for services to housing.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThis critical examination of the development and implementation of planning gain is timely given recent changes to the economic and policy environment.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe book looks both at the British context as well as experience in other developed economies and takes stock of how the policy has evolved. It examines the rationale for planning gain, how it has delivered substantial funds for infrastructure and affordable housing and, in the light of this, how it might continue to play a role in the funding of these. It also draws on overseas experience, for example on impact fees and public sector land assembly.  It looks at lessons from the past for future policy, both for Britain and for countries overseas.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePlanning Gain: providing infrastructure \u0026amp; affordable housing\u003c\/i\u003e has a strong theoretical and policy analysis focus. It addresses development values from a micro economics perspective; property development from the perspective of financial structures; betterment taxation and negotiated planning gain from principles of public finance and taxation and their links with the planning system; professional challenges in the use of planning gain; and the innovation, adoption and adaptation of planning gain at the local level from perspectives of discretionary policy and negotiating practice. It shows how negotiated planning gain has been a successful \u003ci\u003ede facto\u003c\/i\u003e betterment tax compared with earlier \u003ci\u003ede jure\u003c\/i\u003e attempts in Britain to tax development value through national taxation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanisms to tap development value are also a global phenomenon in developed market economies - whether through formal taxation or negotiated contributions. As fiscal austerity becomes an increasingly challenging issue, 'planning gain' has grown in importance as a potential source of funding for infrastructure and new affordable housing, with many countries keen to examine, learn from, and adapt the experience of others.\u003c\/p\u003e \"This book makes a tremendous contribution to the subject by bringing together a rigorous theoretic approach, a clear narrative of developments since 1947, and a good deal of data on the revenue which has been gained for the public purse and on the new affordable homes secured from planning obligations. In particular, it is welcome to read a very clear account of why the taxation of land can be rather more distorting of land use than is sometimes supposed. This is a highly important book. The stress in the conclusion on moving towards public land banking is one I support. It also draws out the truth that government prefers to raise money from charges on development, rather than from property values (which, perhaps more rationally, could also be used to fund infrastructure) because this is not a tax and the effects are more hidden from the public.\"\u003cbr\u003e—\u003cb\u003eFrom the book's foreword by Dame Kate Barker CBE, DBE, Dame Kate Barker\u003c\/b\u003e is a non-executive director of several finance and housing companies. She is also a former member of the UK's Monetary Policy Committee and of the board of the Homes \u0026amp; Communities Agency. She undertook independent reviews for the UK government of housing supply and of the planning system in England","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989795422437,"sku":"NP9781118219812","price":130.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118219812.jpg?v=1761785498","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/planning-gain-isbn-9781118219812","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}