Phytoremediation

Phytormediation is an exciting new method for controlling and cleaning up hazardous wastes using green plants. This book is the first to compile the state of the science and engineering arts in this rapidly advancing field.

Phytormediation:

• Approaches the subject from the perspectives of biochemistry, genetics, toxicology, and pathway analysis.
• Is written by two of the premier experts in the field.

Series Preface xi

Preface xiii

Contributors xxi

Editorial Review Board xxvii

Section I: Overview of Science and Applications 1

1. Overview of Phytotransformation and Control of Wastes 3
S. C. McCutcheon and J. L. Schnoor

2. Uptake and Metabolism of Organic Compounds: Green-Liver Model 59
J. G. Burken

3. Making Phytoremediation a Successful Technology 85
N. Marmiroli and S. C. McCutcheon

Section II: Fundamentals of Phytotransformation And Control of Contaminants 121

4. Some Fundamental Advances for Xenobiotic Chemicals 123
J.-P. Schwitzgue bel and T. Vanek

5. Enzymes Used by Plants and Microorganisms to Detoxify Organic Compounds 159
N. L. Wolfe and C. F. Hoehamer

6. Plant Tolerances to Contaminants 189
V. F. Medina, E. Maestri, M. Marmiroli, A. C. Dietz, and S. C. McCutcheon

7. Root Development and Rooting at Depths 233
M. C. Negri, E. G. Gatliff, J. J. Quinn, and R. R. Hinchman

8. Measuring and Modeling Tree and Stand Level Transpiration 263
J. M. Vose, G. J. Harvey, K. J. Elliott, and B. D. Clinton

Section III: Science and Practice for Aromatic, Phenolic, and Hydrocarbon Contaminants 283

9. Transformation of Organic Contaminants by Different Plant Systems 285
H. Harms, M. Bokern, M. Kolb, and C. Bock

10. Ecology of Rhizosphere Bioremediation 317
P. E. Olson, K. F. Reardon, and E. A. H. Pilon-Smits

11. Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Rhizosphere 355
S. L. Hutchinson, A. P. Schwab, and M. K. Banks

Section IV: Transformation and Control Of Explosives 387

12. Role of Plants in the Transformation of Explosives 389
M. Subramanian and J. V. Shanks

13. Transformation Kinetics of Trinitrotoluene Conversion in Aquatic Plants 409
M. E. Jacobson, S. Y. Chiang, L. Gueriguian, L. R. Westholm, J. Pierson, G. Zhu, and F. M. Saunders

14. Proof of Phytoremediation for Explosives in Water and Soil 429
S. C. McCutcheon, V. F. Medina, and S. L. Larson

15. Phytorestoration at the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant 481
P. L. Thompson, D. D. Moses, and K. M. Howe

Section V: Fate and Control of Chlorinated Solvents and other Halogenated Compounds 497

16. Sequestration and Transformation of Water Soluble Halogenated Organic Compounds Using Aquatic Plants, Algae, and Microbial Mats 499
V. A. Nzengung, W. L. O'Niell, S. C. McCutcheon, and N. L. Wolfe

17. Fate of Trichloroethylene in Terrestrial Plants 529
T. Q. Shang, L. A. Newman, and M. P. Gordon

18. Uptake, Metabolism, and Phytovolatilization of Trichloroethylene by Indigenous Vegetation: Impact of Precipitation 561
W. J. Doucette, B. G. Bugbee, S. C. Smith, C. J. Pajak, and J. S. Ginn

19. Multiple-Process Assessment for a Chlorinated-Solvent Plume 589
S. M. Eberts, G. J. Harvey, S. A. Jones, and S. W. Beckman

20. Five-Year Pilot Study: Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 635
S. R. Hirsh, H. R. Compton, D. H. Matey, J. G. Wrobel, and W. H. Schneider

Section VI: Modeling, Design, and 21. Modeling and Design of Phytoremediation 663.

21. Modeling and Design of Phytoremediation 663
L. C. Davis, L. E. Erickson, M. Narayanan, and Q. Zhang

22. Hydrologic Feasibility Assessment and Design in Phytoremediation 695
J. W. Weaver, S. C. McCutcheon, and S. L. Hutchinson

23. Waste Management Using Trees: Wastewater, Leachate, and Groundwater Irrigation 717
J. L. Jordahl, M. F. Madison, J. K. Smesrud, H. M. Emond, and M. Q. Motte

24. Salt Tolerant Plants to Concentrate Saline Waste Streams 753
M. C. Negri, R. R. Hinchman, and T. L. Settle

Section VII: Latest Advances 763

25. Metabolism and Genetics of Atmospheric Nitrogen Dioxide Control Using Pollutant-Philic Plants 765
H. Morikawa, M. Takahashi, and Y. Kawamura

26. Treatment of Atmospheric Halogenated Hydrocarbons by Plants and Fungi 787
P. M. Jeffers and C. D. Liddy

27. Phytoremediation of Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether 805
S. K. Winnike-McMillan, Q. Zhang, L. C. Davis, L. E. Erickson, and J. L. Schnoor

28. Phytoremediation of Cyanide-Polluted Soils 829
S. A. J. Trapp and H. Christiansen

29. Phytoremediation of Perchlorate 863
V. A. Nzengung and S. C. McCutcheon

30. Databases and Protocol for Plant and Microorganism Selection: Hydrocarbons and Metals 887
T. C. McIntyre

31. Field Evaluations of Phytotechnologies 905
S. A. Rock

Index of Names of Plants 925

Index 939

"... the most detailed literary assessment of the subject available today...." (Advances in Horticultral Science, Vol. 19 (3), 2005)

"This comprehensive book represents a significant and valuable contribution…highly recommended for anyone working or interested in this subject." (Soil Science, April 2005)

"The detail and broad range of topics make this book useful for students as well as regulatory experts and people actively working in the field of phytoremediation." (Ground Water, January/February 2005)

"... an indispensable reference to practical case studies...." (International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol.84, No.14-15, 10-20 December 2004)

"... an interesting and absorbing read, and the technologies are presented in an organized, detailed and useful manner." (Chemical Health & Safety, September-October 2004)

"... represents an excellent contribution to the ultimate success of phytoremediation technology." (Journal of Environmental Quality, July-August 2004)

"It provides a comprehensive and in-depth source of current scientific knowledge, as well as extensive reference citations, to be of great value to the scientific researcher in this field." (SIM News, July/August 2004)

"It is noted that all chapters were peer reviewed. The 80 plus contributors are broadly drawn from universities, government agencies, consulting firms, and foreign laboratories." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, 108, March 2004)

"There are countless examples of useful figures, tables, diagrams, illustrations, and schematics, which by themselves make the book worth acquiring." (E-Streams, Vol. 7, No. 5)

"... one of the best books on phytoremediation for organic contaminants available today... a complete, current, and highly valuable resource...." (Veterinary and Human Toxicology, Vol. 46, No. 2, April 2004)

STEVEN C. McCUTCHEON, PhD, PE, is one of the leading experts in the world in phytoremediation. He currently works at the U.S. EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia.

JERALD L. SCHNOOR, PhD, PE, DEE, is Foundation Distinguished Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Iowa.

A peerless survey of the emerging field of phytoremediation

Phytoremediation involves the use of vascular plants, algae, and fungi to remove and control waste or spur waste breakdown by microorganisms in the soil zone that surrounds and is influenced by the roots of plants. The diverse wastes that can be managed by using phytoremediation include xenobiotic organic chemicals, sewage, salts, nutrients, heavy metals, metalloids, and air pollutants. Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Contaminants provides an authoritative account of the history and the most recent developments of this exciting, emerging field.

Steven McCutcheon and Jerald Schnoor's insightful book defines the current state of the science of phytoremediation and points the way to further possible applications. Site managers and engineers will receive guidance in selecting plants to clean up contaminated sites cost effectively, while plant ecologists and biochemists will appreciate the nuts and bolts analysis of how phytoremediation works, and suggestions of directions for research. The editors divide their one-of-a-kind text into seven clearly defined sections for easy reference:

• Overview of Science and Applications
• Fundamentals of Phytotransformation and Control of Contaminants
• Science and Practice for Aromatic, Phenolic, and Hydrocarbon Contaminants
• Transformation and Control of Explosives
• Fate and Control of Chlorinated Solvents and Other Halogenated Compounds
• Modeling, Design, and Field-Pilot Testing
• Latest Advances

Environmental, remediation, and site engineers; site managers; plant and soil scientists; ecologists; and environmental toxicologists, chemists, and microbiologists will find Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Contaminants to be an invaluable addition to their professional libraries.