{"product_id":"phytonutrients-isbn-9781405131513","title":"Phytonutrients","description":"In many Western diets, the role of plants has been reduced in favour of more animal-based products and this is now being cited more widely as being the cause of increases in the incidence of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. This important book covers the biochemistry and nutritional importance of a wide range of phytonutrients, including all the major macronutrients as well as the micronutrients and 'non-essential' nutrients.  \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003ePhytonutrients\u003c\/i\u003e is divided into three parts. The first deals with the role of plants in the human diet. Part II, representing the major part of the book covers in turn each of the major phytonutrient groups. Chapters include: non-lipid micronutrients, lipids and steroids, carotenoids, phenolics, vitamins C, E, folate\/vitamin B12, phytoestrogens, other phytonutrients and minerals, and anti-nutritional factors. The final part of the book covers the methods used to manipulate levels of phytonutrients in the diet, such as fortification, supplementation and the use of genetically modified plants.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003ePhytonutrients\u003c\/i\u003e is an essential purchase for nutritionists, food scientists and plant biochemists, particularly those dealing with nutrients from plants, and their use in the human diet.\u003c\/p\u003e  Preface xi  \u003cp\u003eContributors xii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Plant foods and health 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJudith Buttriss\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical changes in the plant content of the human diet 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanging composition of dietary constituents in the past 50 years 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlants – nutrients and other constituents 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA summary of the evidence linking plant food intake and health 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoronary heart disease and stroke 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruits and vegetables 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulses and nuts 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCereals 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant nutrients 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther bioactive substances 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant hypothesis 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytosterols and –stanols 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions for coronary heart disease and stroke 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCancer 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit and vegetables 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegumes and nuts 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoods containing fibre 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamins 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther plant-derived substances 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions for cancer 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType 2 diabetes 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge-related macular degeneration and cataract 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge-related cognitive decline 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic obstructive pulmonary disease 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOsteoporosis and bone health 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant foods and health: overall conclusions 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecommendations and current policy on plant food intake 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit and vegetables 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWholegrain foods 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent consumption patterns 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Carbohydrates and lipids 52\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndrew Salter and Gregory Tucker\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor carbohydrates 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSugars 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolysaccharides 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarch 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell wall polymers 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiosynthesis of cell wall polymers 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell wall turnover 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional benefits of plant carbohydrates 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor sources of dietary fibre within the diet and recommended intakes 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition and measurement of dietary fibre 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysiological effects of dietary fibre 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipids 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynthesis of fatty acids in plants 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynthesis of glycerolipids in plants 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModification of plant lipids 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatty acid composition of plant foods 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetables 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCereals 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOil seeds 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary lipids and human health 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytosterols 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Carotenoids 89\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eÚrsula Flores-Perez and Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure, biosynthesis and function of plant carotenoids 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary sources and health benefits 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsorption and bioavailability of dietary carotenoids 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarotenoid type 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood matrix 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarotenoid metabolism in humans 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeeting the dietary demand and consequences for imbalance 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Polyphenols 110\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid Vauzour, Katerina Vafeiadou and Jeremy P. E. Spencer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyphenol structure 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenolic acids and stilbenes 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiosynthetic routes within the plant 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShikimic precursor and benzoic acid biosynthesis 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCinnamic acid biosynthesis 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStilbene biosynthesis 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonoid biosynthesis 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor sources within the diet 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenolic acids and stilbenes 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonols 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavanones 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavanols 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavones 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthocyanins 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoflavones 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic fate of dietary polyphenols 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastrointestinal tract metabolism 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColonic metabolism 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRole in human health 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids as classical antioxidants 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-antioxidant activities of fl avonoids 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteractions with cell signalling pathways 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther potential mechanisms of action 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Vitamins C and E 146\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid Gray, John Brameld and Gregory Tucker\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin C: structure and chemistry 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary sources of vitamin C 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin C: biosynthesis and metabolism in plants 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin C functions in plants 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin C manipulation in plants 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsorption and transport of vitamin C in mammals 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin E: structure and chemistry 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary sources of vitamin E 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin E: biosynthetic pathways 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoles of tocochromanols in plants 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManipulation of tocochromanol concentration 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsorption and transport of vitamin E in mammals 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant functions of vitamin E 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Folate 173\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eStéphane Ravanel and Fabrice Rébeillé\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne-carbon metabolism 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneration and interconversion of C1-units 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerine–glycine metabolism 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormate activation 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistidine catabolism 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterconvertion of C1-substituted folates 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUtilisation of C1-units 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethionine synthesis 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurine ring formation 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormylation of methionyl-tRNA 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThymidylate synthesis 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePantothenate synthesis 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFolate synthesis and distribution in plants 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiosynthesis of tetrahydrofolate in plants 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePterin branch 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epABA branch 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssembly of the pterin, pABA and glutamate moieties 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduction and polyglutamylation 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatabolism and salvage pathway 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompartmentation and transport of folates 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubcellular location of folates 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFolate transporters 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFolates distribution in plants 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysiology of folate in human health and disease 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsorption 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport, storage, catabolism and excretion 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic and clinical manifestations of folate deficiency 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis of folate deficiency 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFolate bioavailability, requirements and food fortification 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioavailability 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary intake recommendations 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary sources of folate 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood fortification 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProspects for plant foods biofortification 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Phytoestrogens 203\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHelen Wiseman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiosynthesis of phytoestrogens 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoflavonoids 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrenylated flavonoids 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStilbenes 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLignans 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic engineering 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoflavonoids 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary sources and intakes 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolism and bioavailability 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoflavonoids and cancer prevention 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHormone-dependent cancer prevention by isoflavonoids 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOestrogens and risk of breast cancer 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOestrogen receptor-mediated events 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal models 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanisms of anticancer action of isoflavonoids 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical studies 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtection by isoflavonoids against cardiovascular disease 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCholesterol-lowering and isoflavonoids 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant action 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArterial function 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCellular effects 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtection by isoflavonoids against osteoporosis, cognitive decline and menopausal symptoms? 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOsteoporosis 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMenopausal symptoms and cognitive decline 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoflavonoids: potential risks 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLignans 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction of mammalian lignans 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular disease 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreast cancer prevention 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProstate cancer prevention 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevention of other types of cancer 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther health benefits 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrenylflavonoids 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStilbenes 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiroestrol 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeoxybenzoins 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoumestans 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytoestrogens and human health: conclusions 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Plant minerals 254\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMartin R. Broadley and Philip J. White\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic variation in plant mineral concentration 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBetween-species genetic variation in plant mineral concentration 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin-species genetic variation in plant mineral concentration 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron and zinc 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIodine and selenium 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium and magnesium 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCopper 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHas the mineral concentration of crops declined due to breeding for increased yield? 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvidence for a decline in mineral concentration of horticultural crops 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIs there evidence for a decline in mineral concentration of staple crops? 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA case study on potatoes; a précis of White et al. (2009) 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 278\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e“A welcome addition to any academic library.  Summing Up: Highly recommended.  Upper-division undergraduates through professionals.\" (\u003ci\u003eChoice\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 December 2012)\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Selected as an \"Outstanding Academic Title from 2012\" by \u003ci\u003eChoice\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cb\u003eAndrew Salter\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry in the School of Biosciences at the University of Nottingham.  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHelen Wiseman\u003c\/b\u003e is Lecturer in Nutritional Sciences in the Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division at King's College London.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGregory Tucker\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor of Plant Biochemistry in the School of Biosciences at the University of Nottingham.\u003c\/p\u003e  Plants are a major source of nutrition in our diet, and offer an array of health benefits, yet many Western diets are still over-reliant upon animal-based foods. Growing evidence suggests that this emphasis on foods of animal origin may be linked to increased incidences of cancer and cardiovascular disorders, and that increased consumption of key plant-based foods may result in protection from some of these diseases. In fact, plants can provide us with almost all of our dietary requirements, including macronutrients such as carbohydrates and lipids, and micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Many other phytochemicals, including carotenoids, polyphenols and phytoestrogens, whilst not essential, have also been shown to be beneficial to human health.  \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePhytonutrients\u003c\/i\u003e covers the role of plants in the human diet and argues for the beneficial effects of many other components of plants besides the obvious nutritional elements such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It addresses the biochemistry and nutritional importance of all the major macronutrients, as well as the micronutrients and non-essential nutrients. At a time when there is growing interest amongst plant scientists in the enhancement of nutrients within crops, this book also looks at how a better understanding of plant metabolism can facilitate the application of genetic engineering, for example to enhance levels of vitamin A and folate, or the manipulation of biosynthetic pathways to introduce novel nutrients into plants.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith contributions from experts in both plant science and nutrition, this is an essential purchase for nutritionists, food scientists and plant biochemists, particularly those working with nutrients from plants and their use in the human diet. Students and researchers will prize the authors' scholarship and expertise, and readers from the agrifood industry will value the book's groundbreaking findings. Whether the reader's background is in plant science or nutrition, the authors' cross-disciplinary approach will encourage understanding, dialogue and collaboration between these often disparate fields of expertise.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989791686885,"sku":"NP9781405131513","price":248.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781405131513.jpg?v=1761785482","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/phytonutrients-isbn-9781405131513","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}