{"product_id":"oral-healthcare-and-the-frail-elder-isbn-9781394182145","title":"Oral Healthcare and the Frail Elder","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFully updated reference to clinical knowledge and strategies for effective oral healthcare in frail older adults\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaking an evidence-based approach, with theoretical and clinical knowledge underpinned by the literature, \u003ci\u003eOral Healthcare and the Frail Elder\u003c\/i\u003e provides a comprehensive reference to management strategies for dental diseases as noncommunicable diseases in older populations. The book presents a global perspective with current guidance for clinicians, addressing the particular challenges of providing dental care for people who are confronting frailty in old age. Reflecting the numerous developments in the discipline since the previous edition was published, this Second Edition has been thoroughly updated throughout with 15 new chapters. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first section covers background information, including demographics, social considerations, and factors affecting oral health in this population. The second half of the book is devoted to clinical management strategies. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome of the new topics discussed in this edition of \u003ci\u003eOral Healthcare and the Frail Elder\u003c\/i\u003e include: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTheories and significance of oral health in frailty and oral health-related quality of life, and the influence of the life-course on oral health\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow sugar, tobacco, and alcohol initiate and sustain oral diseases, as with other noncommunicable diseases, into old age\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMitigation of dental caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, mucositis, and other non-communicable diseases of the mouth\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInfection control, communications and tele-dentistry, mobile dental services, and strategies to appraise the usefulness of community-based oral healthcare programs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith an emphasis on population and public health in the context of non-communicable disease, the Second Edition of \u003ci\u003eOral Healthcare and the Frail Elder\u003c\/i\u003e is an important resource for clinicians dealing with the geriatric population, including dentists, dental hygienists, dental therapists, denturists and dental technicians, nurses, and geriatricians. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eForeword xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Demography of Aging and Frailty, and the Epidemiology of Oral Conditions 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eW. Murray Thomson, Moira B. Smith, Fernando Neves Hugo, and Philippe Mojon\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemography of Aging and Frailty 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiology of Oral Conditions in Older People 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Challenges with Noncommunicable Diseases and Frailty 16\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael I. MacEntee, Paul Allison, Denise Laronde, and Bruce Wallace\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoncommunicable Disease 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrailty 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoncommunicable Diseases of the Mouth 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisks for Noncommunicable Diseases of the Mouth 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Determinants 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Theoretical Perspectives on Frailty, Oral Health-Related Quality of Life, and Well-Being in Old Age 37\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael I. MacEntee, Dominique Niesten, Mario A. Brondani, and Maha M. Al-Sahan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral Health 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrailty 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral Frailty 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManaging Ill-Health and Frailty 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Clinical Scenario 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Communities and Frail Elders 54\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eC. Peter Owen, Michael I. MacEntee, Rodrigo Marino, Victor Minichiello, and Gladys Meriting Thokoane\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is a Community? 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCulture and Ethnicity 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarriers to Equitable Healthcare 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquitable Healthcare and Cultural Competence 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Oral Healthcare Policy, Equity, Economics, and Political Action for Aging Populations 68\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eF.A. Clive Wright, Michael I. MacEntee, Joke Duyck, Moira B. Smith, Bruce Wallace, and C. Peter Owen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurpose of Policy 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories of Public Health Policy 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForming Health Policy 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquality and Equity 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdopting Health Policy 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Strategy on Oral Health 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 The Influence of the Mouth and Mouthcare on the Body-Image and Social Interactions of Frail Elders 87\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLeeann Donnelly, Laura Hurd, Alison Phinney, and Michael I. MacEntee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody-Image and Oral Health 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Isolation, Loneliness, and Depression 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Script 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Ethical and Moral Considerations for Oral Healthcare of Frail Elders 96\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael I. MacEntee, Mario A. Brondani, Nico Creugers, Shafik Dharamsi, and Mary E. McNally\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare Ethics 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrailty 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical Theory and Principles in Healthcare 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient-Centered Care, Care Ethics, Narrative Ethics, and Feminism 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElder Abuse 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Ethical Framework 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Context 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Scripts 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Educating a Workforce for Dental Geriatrics 115\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMatana Kettratad- Pruksapong, Shiva Khatami, Linda Slack- Smith, Jirakate Madiloggovit- Lower, Leonardo Marchini, C. Peter Owen, and Michael I. MacEntee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeaching and Learning Dental Geriatrics 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExposure to Frailty 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate Education 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivating Clinical Reasoning 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePromoting Compassion 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare-Teams 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Chronic Orofacial Pain and Movement Disorders in Old Age and Frailty 125\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePierre J. Blanchet, Limor Avivi-Arber, Barry J. Sessle, and Gilles J. Lavigne\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessing Pain 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge-Related Changes in Processing Pain 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrofacial Pain 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMovement Disorders and Orofacial Pain 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Nutritional Consequences of Oral Health in Frail Elders 143\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaula Moynihan, Kazunori Ikebe, and Rena Zelig\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanging Nutritional Needs of Frail Elders 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition\/Undernutrition in Elders 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiet and Oral Health in Frail Elders 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Dry Mouth and Medications 160\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eW. Murray Thomson and Chao Shu Yao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Salivary System 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Role of Saliva 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is Dry Mouth? 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Do We Measure Dry Mouth? 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence and Impact of Dry Mouth 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedications and Dry Mouth 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManaging and Preventing Dry Mouth 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Dementia, Sleep Apnea, and Dysphagia 180\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael I. MacEntee, Fernanda Almeida, B. Lynn Beattie, Najla Chebib, and Frauke Müller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDementia 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleep and Aging 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwallowing, Dysphagia, and Pneumonia 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 A Framework for Assessing Oral Healthcare Programs in Residential Care Facilities 200\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMatana Kettratad- Pruksapong, Joke Duyck, Michael I. MacEntee, Arminee Kazanjian, and B. Lynn Beattie\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenges 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare Accountability 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidential Facilities 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.1 Mitigating the Effects of Harmful Commodities on Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases: Section 1: Dental Caries 208\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAlan A. Deutsch, W. Murray Thomson, and Michael I. MacEntee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaries Through the Life-Course 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.2 Mitigating the Effects of Harmful Commodities on Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases: Section 2: Periodontitis and Gingivitis 217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJim Yuan Lai, Howard C. Tenenbaum, Michael B. Goldberg, and Elaine Cardoso\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeriodontitis as a Noncommunicable Disease 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeriodontitis and Other Noncommunicable Diseases 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Treatment Planning, and Integrating Oral and General Healthcare 226\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eC. Peter Owen, Joke Duyck, Barbara Janssens, David MacDonald, Chao Shu Yao, Alan A. Deutsch, and Michael I. MacEntee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrating Oral and General Health 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessing the Need for Care 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning Protocols 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfections 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Care and Management of Frail and Osteoporotic Elders with Special Emphasis on Minor Oral Surgery 245\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael M. Bornstein and Pedro Molinero- Mourelle \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinor Oral Surgery for Elders—General Considerations 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Osteoporotic Patient 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory Conditions 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular Diseases 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes Mellitus 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Disorders 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCancer 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecommendations and Conclusion 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Oral Rehabilitation of the Frail Elder 260\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eC. Peter Owen, Shane White, Gerald McKenna, Sabrina Maniewicz, Nico Creugers, Michael I. MacEntee, and Frauke Müller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndodontic Rehabilitation 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestoring Endodontically Treated Teeth 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial Tooth-Loss 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemovable Dental Prostheses 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth-Supported Overdentures 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete Tooth-Loss 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplant-Supported Prostheses 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDental Restorations and Prostheses 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigitally Constructed Prostheses 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-Infection During Dental Treatment 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDenture Hygiene 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleep Apnea and Denture Use 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Integrating Oral Health in Palliative Medicine 286\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMartin Schimmel, Frauke Müller, Chao Shu Yao, Stephen Sonis, and Michael Wiseman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDentistry in Palliative Care 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral Health in Palliative Care 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherapies 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral Health and Terminal Illness 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNausea and Vomiting 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDentistry 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Mobile Dental Services 303\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMurali Srinivasan, Barbara Janssens, David MacDonald, and Frauke Müller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreferences of Frail Elders 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eService Models 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSetting-up Mobile Dental Services 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScope of Mobile Services 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost-Effectiveness 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenges 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Communications and Teledentistry 316\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChris Wyatt, Mario A. Brondani, Leeann Donnelly, Nicholas Tong, and Shunhau To\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples of Communication 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerson-Centered Communication 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical and Dental Records 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeledentistry 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeledentistry Referrals 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Oral Healthcare for Frail Elders in Low- Income Communities 329\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eC. Peter Owen, Matana Kettratad- Pruksapong, Matshediso Mothopi- Peri, Frankie Hon Ching So, F.A. Clive Wright, and Michael I. MacEntee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Expenditures on Health 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppropriatech 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponses to Constrained Resources 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia and New Zealand 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCanadian Indigenous Communities 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHong Kong 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Africa 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThailand 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Summary 340\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael I. MacEntee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 341\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Editors\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMichael I. MacEntee, LDS(I), Dip Prosth, FRCD(C), PhD, FCAHS, FFDRCSI,\u003c\/b\u003e is an Emeritus Professor of Prosthodontics and Dental Geriatrics at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrauke Müller, Dr med dent habil, Dr hc\u003c\/b\u003e (University of Thessaloniki), is Professor and Chair for Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics at the University Clinics of Dental Medicine at the University of Geneva in Geneva, Switzerland. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC. Peter Owen, BDS, MChD, MScDent, FCD(SA),\u003c\/b\u003e is an Emeritus Professor of Prosthodontics at the School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eW. Murray Thomson, BSc, BDS, MComDent, MA, PhD, FRSNZ,\u003c\/b\u003e is an Emeritus Professor of Dental Epidemiology and Public Health at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFully updated reference to clinical knowledge and strategies for effective oral healthcare in frail older adults\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaking an evidence-based approach, with theoretical and clinical knowledge underpinned by the literature, \u003ci\u003eOral Healthcare and the Frail Elder\u003c\/i\u003e provides a comprehensive reference to management strategies for dental diseases as noncommunicable diseases in older populations. The book presents a global perspective with current guidance for clinicians, addressing the particular challenges of providing dental care for people who are confronting frailty in old age. Reflecting the numerous developments in the discipline since the previous edition was published, this Second Edition has been thoroughly updated throughout with 15 new chapters. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first section covers background information, including demographics, social considerations, and factors affecting oral health in this population. The second half of the book is devoted to clinical management strategies. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome of the new topics discussed in this edition of \u003ci\u003eOral Healthcare and the Frail Elder\u003c\/i\u003e include: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTheories and significance of oral health in frailty and oral health-related quality of life, and the influence of the life-course on oral health\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow sugar, tobacco, and alcohol initiate and sustain oral diseases, as with other noncommunicable diseases, into old age\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMitigation of dental caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, mucositis, and other non-communicable diseases of the mouth\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInfection control, communications and tele-dentistry, mobile dental services, and strategies to appraise the usefulness of community-based oral healthcare programs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith an emphasis on population and public health in the context of non-communicable disease, the Second Edition of \u003ci\u003eOral Healthcare and the Frail Elder\u003c\/i\u003e is an important resource for clinicians dealing with the geriatric population, including dentists, dental hygienists, dental therapists, denturists and dental technicians, nurses, and geriatricians.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989724971237,"sku":"NP9781394182145","price":169.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781394182145.jpg?v=1761785258","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/oral-healthcare-and-the-frail-elder-isbn-9781394182145","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}