{"product_id":"optical-switching-isbn-9781119819233","title":"Optical Switching","description":"\u003cb\u003eOPTICAL SWITCHING\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive coverage of optical switching technologies and their applications in optical networks\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eOptical Switching: Device Technology and Applications in Networks\u003c\/i\u003e delivers an accessible exploration of the evolution of optical networks with clear explanations of the current state-of-the-art in the field and modern challenges in the development of Internet-of-Things devices. A variety of optical switches—including MEMS-based, magneto, photonic, and SOA-based—are discussed, as is the application of optical switches in networks. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book is written in a tutorial style, easily understood by both undergraduate and graduate students. It describes the fundamentals and recent developments in optical switch networks and examines the architectural and design challenges faced by those who design and construct emerging optical switch networks, as well as how to overcome those challenges. The book offers ways to assess and analyze systems and applications, comparing a variety of approaches available to the reader. It also provides: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to switch characterization, including optical, electro optical, thermo optical, magneto optical, and acoustic-optic switches\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of MEMS-based, SOA-based, liquid crystal, photonic crystal, and optical electrical optical (OEO) switches\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of quantum optical switches, as well as nonlinear optical switches\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examinations of the application of optical switches in networks, including switch fabric control and optical switching for high-performance computing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for researchers and professionals in the fields of telecommunications, Internet of Things, and optoelectronics, \u003ci\u003eOptical Switching: Device Technology and Applications in Networks\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying optical networks, optical communications, and sensor applications. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Editors xviii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart A Introduction \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSandip Nandi and Dalia Nandi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA. Optical Communication Networks 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1 Historical Perspective 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2 Essential Background 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2.1 Optical Networks 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2.2 SONET\/SDH 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2.3 Multiplexing 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2.4 All-Optical Networks 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2.5 Optical Transport Network 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB. Optical Switching in Networks 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.1 Historical Perspective 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2 Essential Background 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2.1 Optical Switching in Networks 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2.2 Optical Switching in Practice 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2.3 Optical Switch Technology 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC. Organization of This Book 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart B Switch Characterization \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Optical Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajan Agrahari, Sambit Kumar Ghosh, and Somak Bhattacharyya\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Electro-Optical Switching 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Working Principle of Electro-Optical Switches 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Realization of Electro-Optical Switches 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Acoustic-Optical Switching 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Types of Acoustic-Optical Switching 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Acoustic-Optical Device Materials and Applications 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Thermo-Optical Switching 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Working Principle of Thermo-Optical Switches 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Realization of Thermo-Optical Switches 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Thermo-Optical Switch Materials and Applications 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Liquid Crystal-Optical Switching 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Types of Liquid Crystal-Optical Switches 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Liquid Crystal-Optical Switch Applications 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Photonic Crystal Optical Switching 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) Optical Switching 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Magneto-Optical (MO) Optical Switching 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Optical Switching 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Metasurfaces Switches 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Conclusion 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Electro-Optic Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e31\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eArpita Adhikari, Joydip Sengupta, and Arijit De\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Operating Principles 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Operating Principles of the Single-Mode Switch 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Operating Principles of the Multimode Switch 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Materials for the Fabrication of Electro-Optic Switch 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Ferroelectric Materials 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Compound Semiconductors 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Polymers 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Device Structures of Electro-Optical Switches 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 1 × 1 Switch 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 1 × 2 Switch 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 2 × 2 Switch 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 2 × 3 Switch 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 3 × 2 Switch 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6 3 × 3 Switch 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7 1 × 4 Switch 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.8 2 × 4 Switch 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusions 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Thermo-Optical Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e47\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFulong Yan, Xuwei Xue, and Chongjin Xie\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 History of Thermal Optical Switching 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Principles of Thermo-Optic Switch 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Thermo-Optic Effect 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Trade-Off Between Switching Time and Power Consumption 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Merits of Thermo-Optic Switch 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Category 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Material 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Implementation Principle 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Device Architecture 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Scalability 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Binary Tree 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Modified Crossbar 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Benes 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Application Scenarios 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Magneto-Optical Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e57\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eK. Sujatha\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Types of Optical Switch 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 How Does an Optical Switch Work? 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Applications of Optical Switches 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 All-Optical Switch 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Why is an All-Optical Switch Useful? 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Magneto-Optical Switches 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Magneto-Optical Switch Features 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Principles of Magneto-Optical Switches 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.1 The Design Core of the Magneto-Optical Switch 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Magneto-Optic Effect 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Faraday Rotation 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Phenomenological Model 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Atomic Model 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Acousto-Optic Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e73\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSudipta Ghosh, Chandan Kumar Sarkar, and Manash Chanda\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Fundamentals of Acousto-Optic Effect 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Acousto-Optic Diffraction 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Raman–Nath Diffraction 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Bragg Diffraction 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Principle of Operation of AO Switches 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Acousto-Optic Modulator 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Acousto-Optic Q-Switching 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Telecommunication Network 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Recent Trends and Applications 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 Emerging Spatial Mode Conversion in Few-Mode Fibers 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 Lithium Niobate Thin Films 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3 Optical Fiber Communication and Networking 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 MEMS-based Optical Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e93\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKalyan Biswas and Angsuman Sarkar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Micromachining Techniques 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Bulk Micromachining 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Surface Micromachining 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Switch Architectures 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 One-Dimensional Switches 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Two-Dimensional MEMS Switches 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Three-Dimensional MEMS Switches 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Mechanisms of Actuations 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Electrostatic Actuation 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Magnetic Actuation 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Thermal Actuation 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Piezoelectric Actuation Mechanisms 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Other Actuation Mechanisms 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Optical Switch Parameters 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Switching Time 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Insertion Loss 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Crosstalk 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Wavelength 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.5 Power Consumption 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Challenges 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Optical Beam Divergence 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Angular Control 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Reliability of Optical MEMS 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Conclusion 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 SOA-based Optical Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e107\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXuwei Xue, Shanguo Huang, Bingli Guo, and Nicola Calabretta\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 SOA Structure 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Active Region 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Inter-Band Versus Intra-Band Transition 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Transparency Threshold 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Gain Nonlinearity 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Polarization-Insensitive SOA 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.6 Noise in SOA 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Design Criteria of SOA-Based Switch 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Effect of Doping on Gain Dynamics 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Gain Dynamic for SOA 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.1 Bulk-Active Regions 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.2 Quantum Well\/Multi-Quantum Well (MQW) Active Regions 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.3 Quantum Dots 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Noise Suppression 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Scalability 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Advancements on SOA-Based Switch 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Networks Employing SOA-Based Switch 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Metro-Access Network 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 RF Network 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Silicon Photonic Switching 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Data Center Network 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Discussion and Future Work 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Liquid Crystal Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e129\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSwarnil Roy and Manash Chanda\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Liquid Crystal and Its Properties 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 LC Structures for Optical Switching 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Twisted Nematic (TN) cells 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Surface-Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal (SSFLC) Cells 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) Cells 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Liquid Crystal Switches 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Optical Crystal Switching Architectures 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Switches Based on Polarization 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.1 Performance Analysis of Polarization-Based Switch Architecture 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 LC Amplitude and Phase Modulator 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 LC-Based Wavelength-Selective Switches (WSS) 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4.1 WSS Based on LCOS 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 The Future of LC switches 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Liquid Crystal Photonic Crystal Fibers 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Ring Resonators with LC 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Photonic Crystal All-Optical Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e147\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRashmi Kumari, Anjali Yadav, and Basudev Lahiri\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Idea of Photonics 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Principles of Photonic Crystal All-Optical Switches (AOS) 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Growth and Characterization of Optical Quantum Dots 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Integration of PhCs-Based AOS with Optical Quantum Dots (QDs) 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Growth and Characterization of Quantum Dots 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.1 Growth of Quantum Dots 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.2 Colloidal Solution Via Chemical Synthesis 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.3 Self-Assembly Technique 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.4 Characterization of Quantum Dots 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.5 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.6 UV-Vis Spectroscopy 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Design and Fabrication 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Sample Preparation 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Lithography 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.1 Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.2 Optical UV Lithography 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Etching 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.1 Wet Etching 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.2 Dry Etching 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Device Structure and Performance Analysis of Photonic Crystal All-Optical Switches 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Challenges and Recent Research Trends of Photonic Crystal All-Optical Switches 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Optical-Electrical-Optical (O-E-O) Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e165\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePiyali Mukherjee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Optical Switching Technologies: Working Principle 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Optical-Electrical-Optical Switching 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Optical Data Unit Switching 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Reconfigurable Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer (ROADM)-Based Switching 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 A hybrid approach 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Optical Transponders 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 WDM Transponders: An Introduction 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Basic Working of Optical Transponders 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Necessity of Optical Transponder (OEO) in WDM System 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Applications of Optical Transponders 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Network Structure with Optical Transponder 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5.1 WDM Ring Employing Line Network 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5.2 WDM Ring Employing Star Network 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6 Differences Between Transponder, Muxponder, and Transceiver 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.7 Summary 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Performance Analysis Study of All-Optical Switches, Electrical Switches, and Hybrid Switches in Networks 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Introduction 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Optical vs. Electrical vs. Hybrid Telecom Switches 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Optical vs. Electrical vs. Hybrid Data Center Switches 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Summary 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Electrical and Optoelectronic Technology for Promoting Connectivity in Future Systems 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 CMOS Technology 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Considerations for Selection of Interconnects 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusion 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Quantum Optical Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e185\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSurabhi Yadav and Aranya B. Bhattacherjee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Quantum Dot as an Optical Switch 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Vertical Cavities 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Power Density 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Quantum Well as an Optical Switch 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Optical Properties 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Self-Electro-Optic-Effect Devices 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Optomechanical Systems as Optical Switch 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Optical Nonlinearity 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Hybrid Optomechanics 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Electro-opto Mechanics 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Nonlinear All-Optical Switch \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e203\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajarshi Dhar, Arpan Deyasi, and Angsuman Sarkar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Classification of All-Optical Switches 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Thermo-Optical Switch 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Acousto-Optic Switch 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Liquid Crystal Optical Switch 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Nonlinear Optical Switch 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Classification of Nonlinear All-Optical Switches 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Optical Coupler AOS 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Sagnac Interferometer AOS 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 M–Z Interferometer AOS 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Ring Resonator AOS 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Fiber Grating AOS 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Working Methodology of Different Types of Nonlinear All-Optical Switches 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Optical Coupler AOS 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1.1 Symmetric Coupler Working at Low Incident Power 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1.2 Symmetric Coupler Working in High-Power Incident Light with SPM 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1.3 Asymmetric Coupler Working in High-Power Pump Light with Cross-phase Modulation 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Sagnac Interferometer AOS 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2.1 Sagnac Interferometer (SI) Under Low Incident Power 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2.2 Sagnac Interferometer AOS with Non-3dB Coupler 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2.3 Sagnac Interferometer AOS in Cross-Phase Modulation 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2.4 Sagnac Interferometer AOS with Optical Amplifier 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 M–Z Interferometer AOS 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3.1 M–Z Interferometer AOS with Different Arm Materials 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3.2 M–Z Interferometer All-Optical Switch with Different Arm Lengths 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Ring Resonator AOS 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4.1 AOS in M–Z Interferometer Coupled with SCRR 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4.2 AOS in DCRR 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Fiber Grating AOS 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5.1 Single Nonlinear FBG AOS 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5.2 Single Nonlinear LPFG AOS 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Nanoscale AOS 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Future Scope and Conclusion 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Silicon Photonic Switches \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e239\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNadir Ali, Mohammad Faraz Abdullah, and Rajesh Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Performance Parameters 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Silicon Photonic Platform 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Physical Principles for Operation of Switches 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Electro-optic Effect 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Carrier Injection\/Extraction 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Thermo-optic Effect 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 All-optical Effect 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Major Configurations 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Directional Coupler 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Microring Resonator 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Micro-Electro-Mechanical System 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Hybrid Silicon Photonic Switches 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 III-V Materials 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 2D Materials 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 Phase Change Materials 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Switch Fabrics Using MRR and MZI 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Summary 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart C Application of Optical Switches in Networks \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e257\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Switch Control: Bridging the Last Mile for Optical Data Centers \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e259\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNicola Calabretta and Xuwei Xue\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Switch Control Classification 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Electrical Switch Control 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Slow Optical Switch Control 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Fast Optical Switch Control 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Challenges for Switch Fabric Control 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Scalable Control Plane 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Precise Time Synchronization 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Fast Burst Clock Data Recovery 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Lack of Optical Buffer 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.5 Reliability 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Switch Fabric Control: State of the Art 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Predefined Control 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 SDN Control 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Label Control 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 AI Control 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Reliability in Optical Networks \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e277\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAntony Gratus Varuvel and Rajendra Prasath\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 RAMS in Optical Networks 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Objectives 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Life Cycle of a Product\/Project 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Preamble to RAMS 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Reliability 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Availability 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Maintainability 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.4 System Safety 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Significance of Reliability in Optical Interconnect Systems 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Typical Components of Optical Circuitry 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Generic Types of Optical System 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.1 Factors Influencing Reliability in Optical Networks 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.2 Initial Insight of Failures 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Ensuring RAMS for the Optical System 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1 Reliability – An Essential Insight 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.1 Typical Reliability Configurations 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.2 Reliability Metrics 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.3 Reliability Apportionment 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.4 Hardware Reliability Prediction 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.5 Software Reliability Prediction 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.6 Derating Analysis 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.7 Stress-Strength Interference Analysis 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.8 Reliability Estimation 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.9 Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.10 Failure Mode Effects Test Cases 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.11 Reliability Assessment\/Demonstration 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.12 Human Error Analysis 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.13 Reliability Growth Analysis 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.14 Life Data Analysis 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.15 Physics of Failure 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1.16 Design-Cost Trade-off 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.2 Availability Measures of Optical Networks 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.2.1 Availability Assessment 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.2.2 Reliability-Centered Maintenance 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.2.3 Competing Failure Modes 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.2.4 Warranty Analysis 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.2.5 Trend Analysis 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.3 Maintainability Aspects of Optical Networks 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.3.1 Maintainability Apportionment 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.3.2 Maintainability Assessment 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.3.3 Maintainability Demonstration 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.3.4 Maintainability Estimation\/Evaluation 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.3.5 Maintainability Prediction 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.3.6 Maintenance Strategy [Plan\/Philosophy] 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.3.7 Spare Parts Optimization 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.3.8 Failure Reporting and Corrective Action System 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.4 Optical Networks for Safety-Critical Applications 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.4.1 Common Cause Analysis 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.4.2 Common Mode Analysis 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.4.3 Fault Tree Analysis 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.4.4 Functional Hazard Analysis 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.4.5 Hazard and Operability Studies 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.4.6 Zonal Safety Analysis 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.4.7 Particular Risk Assessment 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.4.8 Software Risk Assessment 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.4.9 Event Tree Analysis 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Process Control in Optical Components 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Hardware – Software Interactions (HSI) in Optical Networks 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 Typical RAMS Realisation Plan for an Optical System 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12.1 System-level RAMS Activities 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12.2 Item-level RAMS Activities 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13 Trade-off Factors of Optical Networks 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14 Some Open Problems in RAMS-Optical System 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15 Conclusion 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Protection, Restoration, and Improvement \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e317\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eArighna Basak and Angsuman Sarkar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Objectives of Protection and Restoration 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Current Fault Protection and Restoration Techniques 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Link Protection 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Path Protection 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2.1 Current Fault Protection Techniques 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2.2 Path Protection in Mesh Network 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2.3 Path Protection in Ring Networks 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2.4 OMS Link Protection-OMS-SPRing (Optical Multiplex Section-Shared Protection Ring) 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2.5 Ring Loopback 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2.6 Current Restoration Techniques 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Energy Efficiency of Optical Switching Technology 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Signal Quality Monitoring Techniques 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Challenges and Recent Research Trends 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Conclusion 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Optical Switching for High-Performance Computing \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e335\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajendra Prasath, Bheemappa Halavar, and Odelu Vanga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Optical Switching 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Basics of Optical Switching 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Types of Optical Switching 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2.1 Optical Packet Switching 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2.2 Circuit Switching 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Communication vs Computation 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Path Reservation Algorithms 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 High-Performance Optical Switching and Routing 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 HPC Interconnection Challenges 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Challenges in the Design of Optical Interconnection Network 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Optical Switching Schemes for HPC Applications 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1 Routing Scheme (Avoid Packet Loss, Contention, etc.) 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.1 Buffering Schemes 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Security Issues in Optical Switching 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7.1 Network Vulnerabilities 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7.1.1 Eavesdropping 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7.2 Jamming Attacks (or Types of Attacks) 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Optical Switching – Interesting Topics 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 Conclusion 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Software for Optical Network Modelling \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e347\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDevlina Adhikari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Optical Networks 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.1 First Generation of Optical Networks 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2 Second Generation of Optical Networks 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2.1 Passive Optical Network 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2.2 Elastic Optical Network 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2.3 Cognitive Optical Network 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2.4 Optical Neural Network 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Simulation Tools for Planning of Optical Network 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Network Simulators 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1.1 NS-2 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1.2 NS-3 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1.3 OMNeT++ 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1.4 OPNET 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Physical Layer Simulation 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 New Technologies 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Artificial Intelligence\/Machine Learning (AI\/ML) 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDalia Nandi\u003c\/b\u003e is Assistant Professor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering at the Indian Institute of Information Technology, India.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSandip Nandi\u003c\/b\u003e is Assistant Professor of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Kalyani Government Engineering College, India. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAngsuman Sarkar\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Kalyani Government Engineering College, India. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChandan Kumar Sarkar\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering at Jadavpur University in India.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive coverage of optical switching technologies and their applications in optical networks\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eOptical Switching: Device Technology and Applications in Networks\u003c\/i\u003e delivers an accessible exploration of the evolution of optical networks with clear explanations of the current state-of-the-art in the field and modern challenges in the development of Internet-of-Things devices. A variety of optical switches—including MEMS-based, magneto, photonic, and SOA-based—are discussed, as is the application of optical switches in networks. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book is written in a tutorial style, easily understood by both undergraduate and graduate students. It describes the fundamentals and recent developments in optical switch networks and examines the architectural and design challenges faced by those who design and construct emerging optical switch networks, as well as how to overcome those challenges. The book offers ways to assess and analyze systems and applications, comparing a variety of approaches available to the reader. It also provides: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to switch characterization, including optical, electro optical, thermo optical, magneto optical, and acoustic-optic switches\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of MEMS-based, SOA-based, liquid crystal, photonic crystal, and optical electrical optical (OEO) switches\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of quantum optical switches, as well as nonlinear optical switches\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examinations of the application of optical switches in networks, including switch fabric control and optical switching for high-performance computing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for researchers and professionals in the fields of telecommunications, Internet of Things, and optoelectronics, \u003ci\u003eOptical Switching: Device Technology and Applications in Networks\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying optical networks, optical communications, and sensor applications.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989720875237,"sku":"NP9781119819233","price":145.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119819233.jpg?v=1761785243","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/optical-switching-isbn-9781119819233","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}