{"product_id":"nanotechnology-in-medicine-isbn-9781119769866","title":"Nanotechnology in Medicine","description":"\u003cb\u003eNANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscover thorough insights into the toxicology of nanomaterials used in medicine\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eNanotechnology in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety, \u003c\/i\u003ean expert team of nanotechnologists delivers a robust and up-to-date review of current and future applications of nanotechnology in medicine with a special focus on neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diagnostics, nano-nutraceuticals, dermatology, and gene therapy. The editors offer resources that address nanomaterial safety, which tends to be the greatest hurdle to obtaining the benefits of nanomedicine in healthcare. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book is a one-stop resource for recent and comprehensive information on the toxico logical and safety aspects of nanotechnology used in human health and medicine. It provides readers with cutting-edge techniques for delivering therapeutic agents into targeted cellular compartments, cells, tissues, and organs by using nanoparticulate carriers. The book also offers methodological considerations for toxicity, safety, and risk assessment. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eNanotechnology in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety\u003c\/i\u003e also provides readers with: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to the nanotoxicological aspects of nanomedicine, including translational nanomedicine and nanomedicine personalization\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive introductions to nanoparticle toxicity and safety, including selenium nanoparticles and metallic nanoparticles\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of nanotoxicology and drug delivery, including gene delivery using nanocarriers and the use of nanomaterials for ocular delivery applications\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examinations of nanotechnology ethics and the regulatory framework of nanotechnology and medicine\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for researchers, post-doctoral candidates, and specialists in the fields of nanotechnology, nanomaterials, and nanocarriers, \u003ci\u003eNanotechnology in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety\u003c\/i\u003e will also prove to be an indispensable part of the libraries of nanoengineering, nanomedicine, and biopharmaceutical professionals and nanobiotechnologists. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Abbreviations xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Nanomedicine: Nanotoxicological Insights \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Nanomedicines: Applications and Toxicological Concerns \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMrunali Patel, Rashmin Patel, and Mahendra Rai\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Nanomedicine’s Revolution 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Potential Applications of Nanomedicine 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Diagnosis 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Drug Delivery 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Clinical Translation of Nanomedicine 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Nanotoxicological Challenges 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Safety Issues and Regulations 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Microbial Biopolymers and Their Derivatives as Nanotechnological Tools for Medicine:\u003cbr\u003e Applications, Advantages, Toxicity, and Safety \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e29\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, Fernanda Gonçalves, Nayelen Sayuri Aizawa, Henrique Paiva\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePereira, Talita Martins Lacerda, and Silvio Silvério da Silva\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Natural Polymers: Conceptualization, Classifications, and Physicochemical Characteristics 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Applications of Biopolymers in Nanoparticles, Nanofibers, and Drug Delivery Systems of Therapeutic Importance 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Safety of Microbial Biopolymers Used in Nanoscale-Systems for Therapeutic Applications 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusions 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Nanoparticles: Toxicity and Safety \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e47\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Selenium Nanoparticles: Toxicity and Safety \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e49\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eIrina A. Shurygina, Irina S. Trukhan, Nataliya N. Dremina, and Michael G. Shurygin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Selenium Forms 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Toxicity of Selenium Nanoparticles 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Toxicity Mechanisms 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Conclusion 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Impact of Nanoparticles on Protozoa \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e67\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eDaniela Plachá and Josef Jampílek\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Antiprotozoal Drugs 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Nanosystems 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Preparation and Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Systems 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Nanosystems with Effect on Human Parasitic Protozoa 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Malaria 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Trypanosomiases 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Leishmaniasis 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Toxoplasmosis 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Cryptosporidium 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.6 Acanthamoeba 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Nanosystems with Effect on Veterinary Parasitic Protozoa 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Nanomaterial Toxicity on Beneficial Protozoa 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Conclusion 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Toxicity of Metallic Nanoparticles: A Pressing Issue \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e109\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eTejal Mehta, Dhaivat Parikh, Kartik Hariharan, Namdev Dhas, and Viral Patel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Toxicity of Metal Nanoparticles and Influence of Physicochemical Properties 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Toxicity of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.1 Physicochemical Factors Influencing AuNPs’ Toxicity 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Toxicity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 Physicochemical Properties Affecting Toxicity 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Accumulation and Toxicity of Metal-Based Nanoparticles in Various Organs 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Toxicity, Safety, and Biodistribution of Multifunctional Mesoporous Silica\u003cbr\u003e Nanoparticles \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e137\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMansi Athalye, Rashmin Patel, and Mrunali Patel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Bioapplicability of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Biodistribution, Toxicity, and Safety of MSN 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Factors Affecting Biodistribution of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.1 Particle Size 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.2 Particle Shape 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.3 Functionalization 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.4 Dose 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.5 Route of Administration 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Safety Evaluation of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Cytotoxicity 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Tissue Compatibility 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Genotoxicity 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Immunotoxicity 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Autophagy 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.6 Endothelial Dysfunction and Toxic Effects on Blood Cells 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.7 Blood Compatibility 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.8 Neurotoxicity 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Safety and Toxicity Issues of Polymeric Nanoparticles: A Serious Concern \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e156\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003ePriya Patel, Naimish Vyas, and Mihir Raval\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Application of Nanomaterials 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles (NPs) 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.1 Advantages of Polymeric Nanoparticles 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.2 Polymers Used in the Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.3 Methods of Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Nanotoxicology 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Toxicity of Nanoparticles 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Tissue Toxicity of Nanomedicine 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Toxicity 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Toxicity of Polymeric Nanoparticles 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Nanoformulations Showing Toxicity 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Safety Assessment of Nanomedicines by Methodological Considerations 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Nanoparticles Safety Study 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Methodological Considerations for Safety Assessment of Nanomedicines 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Green Synthesis of Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles for Their Use in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e174\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSadhucharan Mallick and Piyali Sabui\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Green Synthesis Methods of Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Fungi-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Actinomycetes-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Bacteria-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Algae-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Phytochemical-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 Biomolecule and Biopolymer-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Purification of Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Characterization of Green Synthesized Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles as Nanomedicines 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Application as Antibacterial Agents 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Application as Antifungal Agents 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Application as Antiviral Agents 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Application as a Targeted Drug Delivery System 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.5 Application as Anticancer Agents 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.6 Applications in Molecular Imaging 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Nanotoxicology 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Different Types of Toxicity 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Toxicity Effect of Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Safety Implications of Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Future Perspectives 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Conclusion 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Nanotoxicology and Drug Delivery \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Gene Delivery Using Nanocarriers: Toxicity and Safety Aspects \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e197\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eImran Vhora and Nirav Khatri\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Nanocarrier Types 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Target Diseases and Routes of Administration 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Learnings from Clinical Trials 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Toxicity with Systemic Delivery – Intravenous Administration 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Toxicity with Local Delivery 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.1 Pulmonary Delivery 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.2 Intratumoral and Other Local Delivery in Cancer 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.3 Subcutaneous, Intradermal, and Intramuscular Delivery 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Mechanisms of Toxicity of Gene Delivery Nanocarriers 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Cellular Damage and Inflammatory Mediators 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 ROS Induction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.1 Off-target Effects of the Genetic Cargo 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Overcoming Toxicity Issues with Nanocarrier-Mediated Gene Therapy 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Modification of Genetic Cargoes 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Modification of Nanocarrier System 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2.1 Optimizing Excipient Chemistry – Lipid and Polymer Chemistry 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2.2 Modification of Nanocarrier Morphology 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Preclinical Testing for Expected Toxicities 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Toxicity and Safety Evaluation of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e233\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMitali Patel and Priyanshi Patel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Barriers Across Brain Delivery 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 The Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 The Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (BCSF) Barrier 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Role of Lipid Nanoparticles in Brain Delivery 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Liposomes 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Lipid–Drug Conjugates (LDCs) 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles (LPHNPs) 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Transport Mechanisms Involved for Brain Delivery 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Paracellular Transport 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Transcellular Transport 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Carrier-mediated Transport 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Receptor-mediated Endocytosis 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 Adsorptive-mediated Endocytosis 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Toxicity of Lipid Nanoparticles 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Safety of Lipid Nanoparticles 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Risk Assessment of Injectable Nanoparticles Used as Nanomedicine \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e248\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMarco Vinícius Chaud, Fernando Batain, Eliana Barbosa Souto, Patrícia Severino, Aleksandra\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/i\u003eZielińska, and Thais Francine Ribeiro Alves\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, and Nanoformulation 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Injectable Nanoparticles Toxicity 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Safety of Nanoparticles in Acute and Chronic Studies 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Dermatological Delivery of Nanodrugs: Applications, Toxicity, and Safety \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e259\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSaurabh Shivalkar, Arushi Verma, Vishal Singh, and Amaresh Kumar Sahoo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 An Overview of Dermatology and Nanodrugs 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Nanomaterials for Dermatologically Active Nanodrugs 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Nanoformulations for Topical and Transdermal Delivery 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Applications of Dermatological Nanodrugs and Its Delivery Mechanisms 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Prevention 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.1 Antisepsis 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.2 Cosmetics and Photoprotection 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Diagnosis 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Therapeutic Applications 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3.1 Phototherapy 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3.2 Sebaceous Gland Disorders 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3.3 Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3.4 Other Therapeutic Applications 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Toxicity Evaluation of Dermatologically Active Nanodrugs 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Nanodrugs and Toxicity Due to Penetration 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Genotoxicity 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Safety Considerations 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Limitations and Risk 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Conclusion 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Nanonutraceuticals: Considerations for Toxicity and Safety Assessment \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e281\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eShah Esha Bhavin and Anuradha Ketan Gajjar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Novel Carrier-Based Drug Delivery Systems 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Lipidic Nanosystems 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.1 Non-Vesicular Systems 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.2 Vesicular Systems 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Polymeric Nanosystems 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Lipid Polymer Nanosystems 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Safety and Toxicity Assessment of Nanoparticles 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Approaches for Biodegradable Nanoparticles 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Modified Nanocarriers (Nanosponges) 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Current Challenges and Future Needs for Nanotoxicity and Nanosafety Assessment \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e299\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRavish J. Patel, Amit Alexander, Anu Puri, and Bappaditya Chatterjee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Nanomaterials: Risk Assessment 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 The Hurdles in Toxicity Evaluation of Nanomaterials 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials’ Characterization 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1.1 Size of Nanomaterials 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1.2 Composition Effects 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1.3 Surface-Related Effects 304 Agglomeration 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1.5 Solubility 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1.6 Surface Charge and Dispersity 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1.7 Dose Metric 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 \u003ci\u003eIn vitro\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003e, In vivo,\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eIn silico\u003c\/i\u003e Approaches for the Assessment of Toxicity for the Nanomaterials 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Nanosafety Assessment Tools 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Nanotechnology, Ethics, and Regulatory Framework \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Safety Regulations for the Use of Nanotechnological Products for Biomedical Applications: A Systematic Literature Review \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e317\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRaquel Von Hohendorff, Wilson Engelmann, and Daniele Weber S. Leal\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 The State-of-the-art of Biomedical Applications of Nano-Products 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 The Scientific Perspective on Nano-products for Biomedical Applications, Risks, and Regulations 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Using RRI as a Methodological Pathway Toward Communication Between the Science System and the Law System 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Final Considerations and New Propositions 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Nanoethics and Nanotechnology \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e349\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eIti Chauhan, Madhu Verma, and Mohd Yasir\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Types of Nanotechnology 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Applications of Nanotechnology 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Nanoethics 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Regulatory Agencies 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1.1 Nanotechnology and State Regulation (India) 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Distributive Justice 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.1 Bridging the Gap 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Nanoweapons 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Ethics in Nanomedicine 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4.1 Ethics in Research and Development 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4.2 Health and Safety Issues 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4.3 Toxicity Associated with Nanoparticulate System 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.5 Privacy and Confidentiality 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.6 Human Enhancement 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.7 Nanopollution 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.7.1 Health Issues 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.7.2 Measuring Nanomaterials’ Concentration in the Environment 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.7.3 Environmental Issues 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.7.4 Social Issues 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.7.5 Speculative Issue 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.8 Educational Issues 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.9 Biological Issues 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Conclusion 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Current Regulatory Framework in Nanotechnology and Medicine \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e373\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eNitin Dubey and Nidhi Dubey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Classification of Nanomaterials 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Nanoparticles 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Quality Attributes and Regulatory Concerns of Nanomaterials 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Physicochemical Characterization 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Nonclinical Studies for Nanomaterials 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Clinical Studies for Nanomaterials 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.4 Identification of Hazardous Material 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.5 Exposure Risk to Humans and Environment During Nanomaterial Manufacturing, Storage, or Disposal 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Quality Assessment of Nanomedicines 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Current Regulatory Framework over Nanomaterials 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 USA 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1.1 ANSI 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1.2 ASTM 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 European Union 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2.1 CEN 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Taiwan 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Iran 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.5 Canada 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.6 Australia 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.7 Japan 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.8 India 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.9 People’s Republic of China 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.10 Republic of Korea 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.11 Russia 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.12 WHO 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.13 OECD 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.14 ISO 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.15 VAMAS 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMahendra Rai, \u003c\/b\u003ePhD, is Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, India. Professor Rai has edited more than 60 books and published over 400 research papers and reviews in international peer-reviewed journals.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMrunali Patel,\u003c\/b\u003e PhD, is Professor at Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India. She has written several book chapters and over 100 research papers, reviews, and technical articles. Her research focuses on nanodrug delivery. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRashmin Patel,\u003c\/b\u003e PhD, is Professor at Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa,Gujarat, India. He has written several book chapters and over 100 research papers, reviews, and technical articles. His research is focused on nanoassessment.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscover thorough insights into the toxicology of nanomaterials used in medicine\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eNanotechnology in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety, \u003c\/i\u003ean expert team of nanotechnologists delivers a robust and up-to-date review of current and future applications of nanotechnology in medicine with a special focus on neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diagnostics, nano-nutraceuticals, dermatology, and gene therapy. The editors offer resources that address nanomaterial safety, which tends to be the greatest hurdle to obtaining the benefits of nanomedicine in healthcare. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book is a one-stop resource for recent and comprehensive information on the toxico logical and safety aspects of nanotechnology used in human health and medicine. It provides readers with cutting-edge techniques for delivering therapeutic agents into targeted cellular compartments, cells, tissues, and organs by using nanoparticulate carriers. The book also offers methodological considerations for toxicity, safety, and risk assessment. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eNanotechnology in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety\u003c\/i\u003e also provides readers with: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to the nanotoxicological aspects of nanomedicine, including translational nanomedicine and nanomedicine personalization\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive introductions to nanoparticle toxicity and safety, including selenium nanoparticles and metallic nanoparticles\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of nanotoxicology and drug delivery, including gene delivery using nanocarriers and the use of nanomaterials for ocular delivery applications\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIn-depth examinations of nanotechnology ethics and the regulatory framework of nanotechnology and medicine\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for researchers, post-doctoral candidates, and specialists in the fields of nanotechnology, nanomaterials, and nanocarriers, \u003ci\u003eNanotechnology in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety\u003c\/i\u003e will also prove to be an indispensable part of the libraries of nanoengineering, nanomedicine, and biopharmaceutical professionals and nanobiotechnologists.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989673427173,"sku":"NP9781119769866","price":169.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119769866.jpg?v=1761785051","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/nanotechnology-in-medicine-isbn-9781119769866","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}