{"product_id":"micrornas-in-toxicology-and-medicine-isbn-9781118401613","title":"microRNAs in Toxicology and Medicine","description":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the past decade it has become evident that microRNAs regulate gene expressions and control many developmental and cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms. Recent studies suggest that microRNAs play an important role in toxicogenomics and are likely to play an important role in a range of human diseases including cancer. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003emicroRNAs in Toxicology and Medicine\u003c\/i\u003e is a comprehensive and authoritative compilation of up-to-date developments in this emerging research area, presented by internationally recognized investigators. It focuses on the role of microRNA in biology and medicine with a special emphasis on toxicology. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivided into six parts, topics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNA and toxicology – including environmental toxicants and perturbation of miRNA signaling; microRNA, and Disease States featuring microRNAs in drug-induced liver toxicity, microRNAs and Inflammation the regulatory role of microRNA in mutagenesis, microRNAs and cancer, and the role of microRNAs in tumor progression and therapy, as well as current understanding of microRNAs as therapeutic targets in cancer\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNAs and disease states\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNAs and stem cells\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNAs and genomics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNAs and epigenomics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNAs and biomarkers – including body fluid microRNAs as toxicological biomarkers, cell-free microRNAs as biomarkers in human diseases, and circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of drug-induced pancreatitis\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003emicroRNAs in Toxicology and Medicine\u003c\/i\u003e is an essential insight into the current trends and future directions of research in this rapidly expanding field for investigators, toxicologists, risk assessors, and regulators in academia, medical settings, industry, and government.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART I microRNAs AND TOXICOLOGY 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaura C. Sahu\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Environmental Toxicants and Perturbation of miRNA Signaling 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKathryn A. Bailey and Rebecca C. Fry\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 miRNAs: Description and Biological Significance 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 miRNA Biosynthesis and Processing 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Interaction of miRNAs with mRNA Targets 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Environmental Toxicant-Associated miRNA Perturbations 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Toxicant Class 1: Carcinogenic Metals (Arsenic and Cadmium) 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.1 Arsenic 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.2 Cadmium 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Toxicant Class 2: Air Toxicants (Formaldehyde, Diesel Exhaust Particles, Cigarette Smoke) 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.1 Formaldehyde 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.2 Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEPs) 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.3 Cigarette Smoke 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Toxicant Class 3: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (B(a)P) 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Toxicant Class 4: Endocrine Disruptors (BPA, DDT, Fludioxonil, Fenhexamid, and Nonylphenol) 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4.1 BPA, DDT, Fludioxonil, Fenhexamid 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4.2 Nonylphenol (NP) 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 microRNAs in Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi Chen, Jiekun Xuan and Lei Guo\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 miRNA Tissue Distribution and Abundance 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 miRNA in Solid Tissues 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 microRNA in Body Fluids 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 miRNA and Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Acetaminophen 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Benzo[a]pyrene 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Tamoxifen 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Others 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Circulating miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Introduction of Circulating miRNAs 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.1 Exosomes 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.2 HDL 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.3 Ago2 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Blood miRNAs in Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Urine miRNAs in Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Technique Challenges 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Mechanistic Studies and Perspectives 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclaimer 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Fishing for microRNAs in Toxicology 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJennifer L. Freeman, Gregory J. Weber and Maria S. Sepulveda\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 microRNAs in Toxicology 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Fish Models in Toxicology 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Small Fish Models in Toxicology 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Large Fish Models in Toxicology 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Fish as Models for Studying miRNA Function 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 miRNA Studies in Zebrafish 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 miRNA Studies in Other Fish Models 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Application of Fish Models in Toxicity Studies of miRNA Alterations 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Zebrafish in Toxicity Studies of miRNA Alterations 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Other Fish Models in Toxicity Studies of miRNA Alterations 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Summary 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART II microRNAs AND DISEASE STATES 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 microRNAs and Inflammation 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYan Huang, Samir N. Ghadiali and S. Patrick Nana-Sinkam\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 miRNA Biogenesis and Functions 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 miRNAs in Hematopoietic Systems 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 miRNA and Inflammatory Diseases 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Regulation of the Immune System 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Acquired Immunity 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Innate Immunity 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Regulation of miRNA Expression 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Regulation of miRNA by Cytokines and Bacterial Toxins 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Regulation of miRNA by Mechanical Stimuli 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Select miRNA Regulation of Inflammation 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 miR-146a: Negative Regulator of Immune Response 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Role of miR-155 in Mediating Inflammatory Responses 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 miR-125a\/b 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 miR-181a 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Conclusion 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Regulatory Role of microRNAs in Mutagenesis 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFanxue Meng, Yang Luan, Jian Yan and Tao Chen\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 miRNA Roles in Xenobiotic Metabolism 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 miRNA Roles in the Cell Cycle 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 miRNA Roles in DNA Repair 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Apoptosis 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 miRNA Regulation and Mutation Formation 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Conclusions 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclaimer 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 microRNAs and Cancer 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDongsheng Yan and Geir Skogerbø\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 miRNAs are Deregulated in Cancer 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 miRNAs Function as Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 miRNAs in Cancer Metastasis 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 miRNAs in Cancer Stem Cells 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Mutations in miRNA Loci 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Mutations in miRNA Target Genes 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Prospective: miRNA as Biomarkers and Therapeutics 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 miRNAs in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrock Humphries and Chengfeng Yang\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 miRNAs and Cancer Invasion and Metastasis 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 miRNAs Involved in Angiogenesis 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 miRNAs Involved in Cancer Cell Detachment, Migration, and Invasion 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 miRNAs Involved in Cancer Cell Intravasation 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 miRNAs Involved in Circulating Cancer Cell Survival 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 miRNAs Involved in Cancer Cell Extravasation 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 miRNAs Involved in Metastatic Colonization 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 miRNAs as Useful Cancer Prognostic Markers 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Future Perspectives 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 The Role of microRNAs in Tumor Progression and Therapy 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAzfur S. Ali, Aamir Ahmad, Shadan Ali, Philip A. Philip and Fazlul H. Sarkar\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Tumor Progression 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Key Signaling Pathways 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Angiogenesis 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 The Ras Pathway 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 The PI3K\/Akt Pathway 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 The miRNAs as Regulators of Tumor Progression 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Current Therapies to Control Tumor Progression 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Tumor Promoter miRNAs 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.1 miR-21 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.2 miR-155 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Tumor Suppressor miRNAs 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.1 The miR-200 Family 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.2 miR-146a 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.3 The let-7 Family 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Regulation of miRNAs by Novel Anticancer Compounds 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Current Understanding of microRNAs as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarion Gayral, Jérome Torrisani and Pierre Cordelier\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction on the Rationale of Using miRNAs as Therapeutics in Cancer 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Current Approaches to Target miRNAs 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Evidence of Successful miRNA Targeting in Experimental Cancer Models 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Open Question: Targeting miRNA Processing in Cancer Cells 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Concluding Remarks 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 microRNAs, New Players in Cancer Chemoprevention 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBin Yi and Yaguang Xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 miRNA and the Natural Products 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Vitamin A 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Vitamin B 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Vitamin D 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Vitamin E 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Fatty Acids 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.6 Curcumin 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.7 Resveratrol 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.8 Ellagitannin 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.9 Genistein 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.10 Catechins 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.11 Indoles 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 miRNA and Pharmaceuticals 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Estrogen Receptor Antagonist 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Perspectives 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 microRNA and Neurodegenerative Diseases 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJosephine Malmevik, Malin Ákerblom and Johan Jakobsson\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 miRNAs and Parkinson’s Disease 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 miRNAs and Alzheimer’s Disease 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 miRNAs and Huntington’s Disease 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Outlook 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 Sleep and microRNAs (miRNAs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaniel B. Kay and Christopher J. Davis\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Sleep and microRNAs (miRNAs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 miRNAs and Sleep 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Aging 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Alzheimer’s Disease 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Parkinson’s Disease 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Huntington’s Disease 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Multiple Sclerosis 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Fronto-Temporal Dementia 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Summary 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 Role of microRNA in Autism Spectrum Disorder 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTewarit Sarachana and Valerie W. Hu\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Epidemiology of ASD 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Etiology of ASD: Genetic Associations 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 ASD as Multigenic Systemic Disorders 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Evidence for Epigenetic Contributions 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 The Role of microRNAs in Neurodevelopment 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 microRNAs in Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders: An Overview 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 microRNA Expression Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.1 Evidence for Dysregulated miRNAs in Brain and Blood 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.2 Identification of Novel Gene Targets of Differentially Expressed miRNAs in ASD 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.3 Brain-Related miRNAs are Differentially Expressed in LCLs from Individuals with ASD 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.4 Functional Associations of Confirmed Differentially Expressed miRNAs 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Conclusions 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 The Emerging Function of Natural Products as Regulators of miRNAs in Human Diseases 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeitaro Hagiwara, Luc Gailhouste, Nobuyoshi Kosaka and Takahiro Ochiya\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 History of Natural Products as Drugs 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Functions of miRNAs in Human Diseases 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Regulation of miRNAs using Natural Products 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Resveratrol and miRNAs 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 EGCG and miRNAs 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Curcumin and miRNAs 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Isoflavone and miRNAs 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Metformin miRNA 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Traditional Herbs and miRNAs 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Polyphenol and miRNAs 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 Rice and miRNA 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13 Human Breast Milk and miRNAs 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14 Conclusion 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART III microRNAs AND STEM CELLS 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 Pluripotency and Early Cell Fate Decisions are Orchestrated by microRNAs 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatthias Jung and Insa S. Schroeder\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Importance of microRNAs in ES and iPS Cells 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Biogenesis and Function of microRNAs 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 microRNAs Mark ES Cell Identity 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 ES Cell Identity is Characterized by Distinct miRs 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Mouse ES Cell-Specific miRs 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Human ES Cell-Specific miRs 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Self-Renewal of ES Cells is Regulated by Cell Cycle Regulating miRs 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.5 Differentiation Capacity of ES Cells is Maintained by miRs 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.6 Isoforms and 3 Variability in ES Cell-Specific miRs 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 microRNAs Guide Induced Pluripotency 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Reprogramming Factors Regulate ES Cell-Associated miRs 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Differentiation of ES and iPS Cells is Prevented by miRs 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Reprogramming Requires ES Cell-Specific miRs 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 microRNAs Manipulate Cell Fate Decision 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Induction of Early Differentiation is Regulated by miRs 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Major Signaling Pathways in ES Cells Regulated by miRs 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 Differentiation of ES Cells Can be Manipulated by miRs 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.4 Cell Fate Decisions are Influenced by miRs and RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs) 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 microRNAs in Cancer Stem Cells: Micromanagers of Malignancy 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArun Bhardwaj, Sumit Arora, Seema Singh, and Ajay P. Singh\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Cancer Stem Cells 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Origin of Cancer Stem Cells 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Characteristics and Pathological Significance of Cancer Stem Cells 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 microRNAs: Biology and Mechanism 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Role of microRNAs in the Regulation of Genes and Signaling Pathways Associated with Cancer Stem Cells 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 HMGA2 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Bcl-2 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Bmi-1 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Wnt\/β-Catenin 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.5 Notch 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.6 Hedgehog 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.7 TGF-β 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Translational Implications and Future Perspectives 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART IV microRNAs AND GENOMICS 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 microRNAs: Tiny Regulators of Great Potential for Gene Regulation 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNahid Akhtar and Tariq M. Haqqi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 microRNAs: Biogenesis and Expression Criteria 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Mechanism of miRNA Mediated Regulation of Genes 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Complexities of miRNA Regulation 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 microRNA and Epigenetics 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Role of miRNAs in Biological Processes 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 microRNAs: Association with Disease Pathogenesis 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 microRNAs: Another Way to Unravel Disease Pathogenesis 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 microRNAs as Novel Therapeutic Targets 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Concluding Remarks 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompeting Interests 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict of interest statement 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 Exploration of microRNA Genomic Variation Associated with Common Human Diseases 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoel Fontanarosa and Yang Dai\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Methods 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Results 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Discussion 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART V microRNAs AND EPIGENOMICS 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 Crosstalk between microRNAs and Epigenetics: From the Nutritional Perspective 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhenhua Liu, Stephanie A Tammen, Simonetta Friso and Sang-Woon Choi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Epigenetic Regulation of microRNA Expression 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 microRNA Biogenesis and Epigenetic Regulation 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Epigenetically-Regulated microRNAs 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2.1 microRNAs Controlled by Promoter Methylation 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2.2 microRNAs Controlled by Histone Modification 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Regulation of Epigenetic Machinery by microRNAs 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Epigenetic Machinery and its Regulation by microRNA 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 epi-miRNAs 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 microRNA and Epigenetics: Regulation by Nutrition 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Nutrition and Epigenetics 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1.1 One-Carbon Nutrients 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1.2 Dietary Bioactive Components 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Nutrition and microRNA 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2.1 One-Carbon Nutrients 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2.2 Dietary Bioactive Components 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.3 Nutritional Modulation of the Epigenetics-microRNA Inter-Regulatory Network 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Summary 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePART VI microRNAs AND BIOMARKERS 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 Body Fluid microRNAs as Toxicological Biomarkers 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhishan Wang and Chengfeng Yang\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 microRNA History, Biogenesis and Functions 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Differential Expression of miRNAs During Development and Diseases 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Alterations of miRNA Expressions by Toxicant Exposures 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Discovery of Body Fluid miRNAs 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Body Fluid miRNAs as Toxicological Biomarkers 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.1 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Toxicological Biomarkers 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.1.1 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Biomarkers for Liver Injuries 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.1.2 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Biomarkers for Heart Injuries 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.1.3 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Biomarkers for Kidney Injuries 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.1.4 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Biomarkers for Radiation Exposure 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.1.5 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Biomarkers for Drug Abuse 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.2 Urinary miRNAs as Toxicological Biomarkers 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.2.1 Urinary miRNAs as Biomarkers for Kidney Injuries 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.2.2 Urinary miRNAs as Biomarkers for Liver Injuries 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.3 Other Body Fluid miRNAs as Toxicological Biomarkers 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Challenges and the Future of Body Fluid miRNAs as Biomarkers 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 Cell-free microRNAs as Biomarkers in Human Diseases 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eXi Yang, William B. Mattes, Qiang Shi, Zuquan Weng and William F. Salminen\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Secretion and Transportation of Cell-Free miRNAs in Body Fluids 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Technical Challenges in the Analysis of Cell-Free miRNAs 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Cell-Free miRNAs as Novel Potential Biomarkers for Cancers and Tissue Injuries 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia and B-Cell Lymphoma 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.2 Bladder Cancer 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.3 Breast Cancer 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.4 Colorectal Cancer 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.5 Gastric Cancer 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.6 Hepatocellular Carcinoma 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.7 Lung Cancer 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.8 Melanoma 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.9 Oral and Squamous Cell Carcinoma 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.10 Ovarian Cancer 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.11 Pancreatic Cancer 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.12 Prostate Cancer 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.13 Cardiovascular Diseases 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.14 Drug-Induced Liver Injury 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.15 Kidney Injury 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclaimer 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 Plasma microRNAs as Biomarkers of Human Diseases 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKatarina Cuk, Dharanija Madhavan, Andrey Turchinovich and Barbara Burwinkel\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Cancer 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.1 Breast Cancer 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.2 Prostate Cancer 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.3 Lung Cancer 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.4 Colorectal Cancer 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.1 Acute Myocardial Infarction 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.2 Other Cardiovascular Diseases 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Neurological Diseases and Disorders 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Diabetes Mellitus 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Infectious Diseases 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Standardization of Circulating miRNA Analysis 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.1 Sample Processing and Handling 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.2 Data Normalization 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 Discovery, Origins and Functions of Circulating miRNAs 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 Circulating microRNAs as Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Pancreatitis 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRodney Rouse, Barry A. Rosenzweig and Karol L. Thompson\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Pancreatic Injury and Serum Biomarkers 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Amylase and Lipase: Sensitivity and Specificity as Biomarkers of Pancreatic Injury 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Pancreas Selective microRNAs as Circulating Biomarkers 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.1 Pancreas Selective Expression of microRNAs in Tissue 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.2 Circulating microRNAs in Models of Pancreatitis 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.3 Mouse Model of Acute Pancreatic Injury 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.4 Time Course of Pancreas-Selective microRNAs in the Serum of Mice Treated with Caerulein 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.5 Dose Response of Pancreas-Selective microRNAs in the Serum of Mice Treated with Caerulein 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.6 Serum Lipase and Amylase in Mice Treated with Caerulein 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.7 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Analysis of Serum microRNAs, Lipase, and Amylase 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Conclusions 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Future Directions 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclaimer 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 microRNA Profiling: Strategies and Challenges 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJiekun Xuan, Leming Shi and Lei Guo\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 miRNA Biogenesis 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Challenges of miRNA Profiling 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 miRNA Profiling Methodologies 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.1 Northern Blotting 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.2 Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.3 Microarray 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.4 Next Generation Sequencing 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.4.1 Roche\/454 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.4.2 Illumina\/Solexa 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.4.3 Life Technologies\/SOLiD 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.4.4 cDNA Library Construction 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.4.5 Multiplexing 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.4.6 Bioinformatics Tools 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Technical Challenges of Circulating miRNA Profiling 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Quality Assessment and Data Normalization 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclaimer 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 455\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDr. Saura C. Sahu\u003c\/strong\u003e, Research Chemist, Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration.\u003cbr\u003eDr. Sahu is the US Editor for the \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Toxicology\u003c\/em\u003e and the editor of \u003cem\u003eHepatotoxicity\u003c\/em\u003e (Wiley, 2007), \u003cem\u003eToxicogenomics\u003c\/em\u003e (Wiley, 2008), \u003cem\u003eNanotoxicity\u003c\/em\u003e (Wiley, 2009), \u003cem\u003eHandbook of Systems Toxicology\u003c\/em\u003e (Wiley, 2011), and \u003cem\u003eToxicology and Epigenetics\u003c\/em\u003e (Wiley, 2012).   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the past decade it has become evident that microRNAs regulate gene expressions and control many developmental and cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms. Recent studies suggest that microRNAs play an important role in toxicogenomics and are likely to play an important role in a range of human diseases including cancer. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003emicroRNAs in Toxicology and Medicine\u003c\/i\u003e is a comprehensive and authoritative compilation of up-to-date developments in this emerging research area, presented by internationally recognized investigators. It focuses on the role of microRNA in biology and medicine with a special emphasis on toxicology. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivided into six parts, topics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNA and toxicology – including environmental toxicants and perturbation of miRNA signaling; microRNA, and Disease States featuring microRNAs in drug-induced liver toxicity, microRNAs and Inflammation the regulatory role of microRNA in mutagenesis, microRNAs and cancer, and the role of microRNAs in tumor progression and therapy, as well as current understanding of microRNAs as therapeutic targets in cancer\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNAs and disease states\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNAs and stem cells\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNAs and genomics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNAs and epigenomics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003emicroRNAs and biomarkers – including body fluid microRNAs as toxicological biomarkers, cell-free microRNAs as biomarkers in human diseases, and circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of drug-induced pancreatitis\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003emicroRNAs in Toxicology and Medicine\u003c\/i\u003e is an essential insight into the current trends and future directions of research in this rapidly expanding field for investigators, toxicologists, risk assessors, and regulators in academia, medical settings, industry, and government.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989621817573,"sku":"NP9781118401613","price":213.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118401613.jpg?v=1761784845","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/micrornas-in-toxicology-and-medicine-isbn-9781118401613","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}