{"product_id":"microplastics-in-the-environment-isbn-9781394251070","title":"Microplastics in the Environment","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnables readers to assess, manage and prevent damage from the environment’s biggest enemy: microplastics\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e addresses the biggest unresolved pollution issue: microplastics accumulating in the environment at a rapidly growing rate, giving rise to severe ecological stress and novel diseases in both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. This book is a one-stop resource that ties together the latest developments in this fast-moving field, including analytical techniques, risk assessment methods and predictive approaches, and evaluates different strategies that make it possible to minimize and redress microplastics pollution in the near and distant future. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book is organized into three main parts. Part one explains the fundamental ideas underlying microplastics, including their classification, major sources, detection and characterisation, as well as risk assessment methods. The second part covers the fate and transport of microplastics in various environmental domains, their interaction with ecosystems and the exposure of humans to environment-borne microplastics. The final part surveys current and future approaches to limit and remove the environmental effects of microplastics, from replacement of plastics with biodegradable substitutes to more efficient recycling of plastics to their active removal and remediation. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e includes information on: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMicroplastics’ interaction with agricultural crops, the food and construction industries and water and solid waste pollution control systems\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMicroplastics in microbial communities, crops and soil and the subsequent impacts on microbial metabolism, plant growth and geo-chemical properties of soil, respectively\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsumption of microplastics by aquatic life and consequent effects of microplastics on the development of aquatic organisms including corals, invertebrates and marine and freshwater biota\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGlobal strategies, existing regulations and policies focused on microplastics management\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith its emphasis on management and remediation, \u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e is a valuable resource for environmental scientists, government agencies and researchers working in the field of microplastics pollution. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes on Editors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection I The Existence and Characterization of Microplastics 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction and Book Overview 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYasser Bashir, Nehaun Zargar, Neha Sharma, Almeenu Rasheed, Sovik Das, Makarand M. Ghangrekar, Puspendu Bhunia, Bashir M. Al-Hashimi, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, and Chih-Ming Kao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Background and Definition 3`\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Impacts of MPs on the Environment, Society, and Economics 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Solutions, Knowledge Gaps, and Challenges 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Policies and Practices to Regulate MPs 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Book Structure and Overview of Chapters 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Conclusion 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Classifications and Physiochemical Properties of Microplastics 17\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSudeep Kumar Mishra, Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Puspendu Bhunia, Arindam Sarkar, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Structural Properties 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Physical Properties 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Chemical Properties 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Thermal Stability 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusion 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Degradation of Plastics and Formation of Primary and Secondary Microplastics 43\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSudeep Kumar Mishra, Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Puspendu Bhunia, Arindam Sarkar, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Physical and Mechanical Degradation 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Chemical Degradation 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Biological Degradation 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Degradation Pathway 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Degradation Products and Byproducts 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Toxicity of Products and Byproducts 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Conclusion 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Advanced Techniques for Sampling, Quantification, and Characterization of Microplastics 69\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChathura Dhanasinghe, Chih-Ming Kao, Pu-Fong Liu, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, and Bashir M. Al-Hashimi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Screening 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Sampling and Extraction 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Characterization for Size, Shape, and Chemical Composition 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Quantification 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Harmonizing Approaches and Valuable Minimal Technical Criteria and Specification 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Quality Assurance\/Quality Control 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusion 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Technologies for Polymer Identification and Monitoring of Microplastics Distribution 107\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAkhil Gupta and Pratik Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Instrumentational Methods to Study Microplastics in Different Matrices 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Technologies for Measuring Nano-Microplastics and Determining the Relative Contributions of Particles of Varying Size, Shape and Chemical Composition 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Distribution and Monitoring of Microplastics 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Review of Existing Monitoring Programs for Marine Microplastics 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Other Techniques for Monitoring 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Conclusions 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Characterizing Microplastics in the Context of Risk Assessment 135\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAkash Tripathi, Makarand M. Ghangrekar, and Rao Y. Surampalli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 The TK\/TD of MPs in a Representative Organism 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Determining the Particle Size Range Where Any Toxicity Resides 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Identifying Potential Uncertainties and Concerns 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Determining Relative Levels of Confidence Regarding Toxicological Data 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Conclusion 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Understanding Environmental and Socio-economic Risks Associated with Microplastics 153\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAzhan Ahmad, Monali Priyadarshini, Makarand M. Ghangrekar, and Rao Y. Surampalli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Background 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Economic Impacts 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Social Impacts 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Environmental Sensitivity and Variability of Microplastic 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Toxicological Impact of Microplastics on Aquatic Organisms 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Strategies for Managing Microplastic in the Environment 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusion and Way-forward 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection II Microplastics in Different Compartments and Their Effects on Environments and Humane Society 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Microplastics in the Environment: Sources, Distribution, Fate, and Transport 169\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHua-Bin Zhong, Ying-Liang Yu, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, and Bashir M. Al-Hashimi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 MPs in the Aquatic Environment (Surface\/Ground Waters and Ocean) 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 MPs in the Terrestrial Environment (Soil and Sediment) 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 MPs in the Polar Region 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 MPs in the Atmospheric Environment and Transboundary Transport 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 MPs in Food and Agricultural Crops 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 MPs Associated with the Construction Industry 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 MPs in Urban Environmental Management Systems 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Contaminants Released from Aged MPs 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Fate\/Transport and Behavior of MPs in Pollution Control Systems 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Conclusion 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Modeling the Fate and Transport of Microplastics in Various Aquatic Environmental Compartments 207\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMahima John Horta, Yerramilli Sai Rama Krishna, N. Seetha, and Pritha Chatterjee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Transport Mechanisms of Microplastics in the Environment 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Modeling the Fate and Transport of Microplastics in Riverine Environment 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Modeling the Fate and Transport of Microplastics in Estuaries 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Modeling the Fate and Transport of Microplastics in Marine Environment 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Modeling the Fate and Transport of Microplastics in the Subsurface 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Conclusions 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Ecological Impacts of Microplastics and Their Additives: Exposure Risk\/Toxicity Assessment and Fate\/Transport of Persistent, Bio-Accumulative and Toxic Substances 259\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eQamaruz Zaman Khaki and Pratik Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Creating Standardized Toxicity Tests for MPs 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Dose–Response Analysis and Formulation of Standards 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Microplastics 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Chemical Risk Posed by Ingested Microplastics 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Development of Health-Based Threshold 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Effects of Exposure: Microplastics Transferred to the Consumers 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Are Microplastics Vectors (for Organisms or Chemical Pollutants in the Environment)? – Sorption of Potentially Toxic Pollutants on Microplastics 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Connect Microplastics to Existing or Novel Adverse Outcome Pathways 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 The Relevant Receptors 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Exposure Pathways 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Exposure Pathway to MP Via Ingestion 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Exposure Pathway to MP Via Inhalation 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14 Exposure Pathway to MP Via Dermal Contact 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15 Toxicokinetic\/Dynamic Processes 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.16 MPs Plus Chemicals\/Nanomaterials\/Pathogens Attached\/Sorbed on them – Ecological Effects of Chemical Contaminants Adsorbed to Microplastics 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.17 Interrelationships Among Different Factors 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.18 Interaction of Microplastics with PBTs and Other Emerging Contaminants 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19 Conclusion 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Interactions of Microplastics with Microbial Communities and the Food Web\/Plants 283\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSantosh Kumar, Akash Tripathi, Shraddha Yadhav, Srishti Mishra, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Interactions of MPs with Natural Organic Materials, Crops, and Plants 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Interaction Between Microbial Community and MPs 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Effect of MPs on Metabolic Activities of the Organisms 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Leaching of MPs from Dumpsites to Soil 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 MPs from Silage Film for Storage of Silage 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Change in the Geo-chemical Properties of Soil due to MPs 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Effect of MPs on the Food Web and Food Chain 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Are Biodegradable Plastics Less Negative Than the Others? 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Biostimulation by Nutrients 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Conclusion 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Environmental and Toxicological Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Ecosystems 311\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJin-Min Li, Hua-Bin Zhong, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Background 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Sources of MPs in Aquatic Environments 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Consumption of MPs by Aquatic Organisms and Increase in Aquatic Leaching Rate 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Transport of MPs in the Aquatic Trophic Level 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Occurrence of MPs in Aquatic Ecosystems 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Effects of MPs on Freshwater Ecosystems 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Effects of MPs in Marine Ecosystems 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Increase in Toxicity and Impacts on Biodiversity 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Conclusions 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Human Exposures to Microplastics: Impact of Different Routes 347\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSanket Dey Chowdhury, Sudeep Kumar Mishra, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Pathways of Human Exposure to Microplastics 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Toxic Effects of Microplastics on Human Beings 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Use of Biomarkers to Elucidate Microplastic Toxicity 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Case Studies on Human Exposure 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Conclusions 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection III Removal, Control, and Management of Microplastics 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Plastic Pollution Management—Innovative Solutions for Plastic Waste 385\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSaikat Sinha Ray, Randeep Singh, Mahesh Ganesapillai, and Young-Ho Ahn\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Design and Production 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Packaging and Distribution 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Disposal 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 System-based Approaches 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Conclusion 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Preventing Secondary Sources of Microplastics in the Environment 417\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZaid Mushtaq Bhat, Asif Farooq, Mavra Farooq, Mariha Feroz, and Khalid Muzamil Gani\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Reducing Usage of Plastics 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Recycle and Reuse of Microplastics 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Chemical Upcycling of Polymers 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Polymer Construction and Deconstruction 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Cleaning of Plastic Waste from Environment 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Proper Monitoring of Plastic Waste 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Different Multiple Thresholds the Tiered Framework 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Conclusion 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Future Perspective 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Reducing and Eliminating Plastic Waste via Societal Changes 447\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePu-Fong Liu, Chathura Dhanasinghe, Ying-Liang Yu, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 The Importance of Consumer Culture and Behavior 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Reduction, Substitution, and Control of Microplastics From Human Usage 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Future Directions 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Conclusion 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Technologies for Removal and Remediation of Microplastics 469\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSanket Dey Chowdhury, Sudeep Kumar Mishra, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Microplastic Remediation Technologies 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Conclusions 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Catalysis for the Upcycling of Polymers 545\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDebanjali Dey, Manisha Sain, Zahoor Manzoor, and Shamik Chowdhury\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Considerations for Substrates and Characterization 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Application of Bio-Based Catalysts 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Application of Electrocatalysts 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Application of Chemical Catalysts 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Conclusion 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Biodegradable Bioplastics 559\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNeha Sharma, Koran Barman, Nehaun Zargar, Almeenu Rasheed, and Sovik Das\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Production of Bioplastics 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Standards and Guidelines to Test the Biodegradability of Bioplastics 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Application of Bioplastics 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Limitations of Bioplastic 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Environmental Sustainability of Bioplastics 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Economic Assessment of Bioplastics 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Comparison of Bioplastic with Polymer-Based Plastic 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Global Strategies\/Policies and Citizen Science for Microplastic Management 577\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJin-Min Li, Ming-Fang Yu, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Guidelines for Pollutant Control at Source 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Enforcement of Legislative Measures 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Existing Regulations and Acts in Global Scenarios 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Public Perception and Participation 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Community Analysis-Based Models 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Conclusions 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Life Cycle and Techno-Economic Assessment of Microplastics Remediation Technologies and Policies 599\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlmeenu Rasheed, Divyanshu Sikarwar, and Sovik Das\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Technological Efficiency and Social Impact 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Economic Aspect and Cost–Benefit Analysis 601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 LCA of Treatment Techniques 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Conclusion 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Case Studies on Microplastic Contamination with a Focus on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic 611\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLourembam Nongdren, Sai Lahar Reddy, Biswajit Samal, Kumar Raja Vanapalli, and Brajesh K. Dubey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Microplastic Contamination 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact on Waste Management 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Interactions Between Microplastics and COVID-19 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Case Studies: COVID-19-Related Microplastic Pollution 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Environmental Consequences of Microplastics and COVID-19 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Human Health Risks 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8 Mitigation Strategies 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9 Conclusion 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 629\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRao Y. Surampalli\u003c\/b\u003e is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (GIEES) in Lenexa, USA. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTian C. Zhang\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor in the department of Civil Engineering at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), USA. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBashir M. Al-Hashimi\u003c\/b\u003e is Vice-President for Research and Innovation at King’s College London, UK. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChih-Ming Kao\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor in the Institute of Environmental Engineering at the National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMakarand M. Ghangrekar\u003c\/b\u003e is Institute Chair Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePuspendu Bhunia\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor at the School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSovik Das\u003c\/b\u003e is Assistant Professor at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnables readers to assess, manage and prevent damage from the environment’s biggest enemy: microplastics\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e addresses the biggest unresolved pollution issue: microplastics accumulating in the environment at a rapidly growing rate, giving rise to severe ecological stress and novel diseases in both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. This book is a one-stop resource that ties together the latest developments in this fast-moving field, including analytical techniques, risk assessment methods and predictive approaches, and evaluates different strategies that make it possible to minimize and redress microplastics pollution in the near and distant future. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book is organized into three main parts. Part one explains the fundamental ideas underlying microplastics, including their classification, major sources, detection and characterisation, as well as risk assessment methods. The second part covers the fate and transport of microplastics in various environmental domains, their interaction with ecosystems and the exposure of humans to environment-borne microplastics. The final part surveys current and future approaches to limit and remove the environmental effects of microplastics, from replacement of plastics with biodegradable substitutes to more efficient recycling of plastics to their active removal and remediation. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e includes information on: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMicroplastics’ interaction with agricultural crops, the food and construction industries and water and solid waste pollution control systems\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMicroplastics in microbial communities, crops and soil and the subsequent impacts on microbial metabolism, plant growth and geo-chemical properties of soil, respectively\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsumption of microplastics by aquatic life and consequent effects of microplastics on the development of aquatic organisms including corals, invertebrates and marine and freshwater biota\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGlobal strategies, existing regulations and policies focused on microplastics management\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith its emphasis on management and remediation, \u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Environment\u003c\/i\u003e is a valuable resource for environmental scientists, government agencies and researchers working in the field of microplastics pollution.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989621260517,"sku":"NP9781394251070","price":325.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781394251070.jpg?v=1761784843","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/microplastics-in-the-environment-isbn-9781394251070","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}