{"product_id":"metallic-powders-for-additive-manufacturing-isbn-9781119908111","title":"Metallic Powders for Additive Manufacturing","description":"\u003cb\u003eMetallic Powders for Additive Manufacturing\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eOverview of successful pathways for producing metal powders for additive manufacturing of high-performance metallic parts and components with tailored properties \u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMetallic Powders for Additive Manufacturing \u003c\/i\u003eintroduces the readers to the science and technology of atomized metal powders beyond empirical knowledge and the fundamental relationships among the chemistry, microstructure, and morphology of atomized metallic powders and their behavior during additive manufacturing.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe text sets a foundation of the underlying science that controls the formation and microstructure of atomized metallic droplets, including the relations among the properties of metallic powders, their performance during the manufacturing processes, and the resulting products.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther topics covered include the influence of powder on defect formation, residual stress, mechanical behavior, and physical properties. The concluding two chapters encompass considerations of broader societal implications and overarching themes, including the exploration of alternative feedstock materials, economic analysis, and sustainability assessment. These chapters offer valuable perspectives on the prospective trajectory of the field.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWritten by a team of experienced and highly qualified professors and academics, \u003ci\u003eMetallic Powders for Additive Manufacturing \u003c\/i\u003eincludes information on:  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtomization techniques such as Vacuum Induction Gas Atomization (VIGA), Electrode Induction Melting Gas Atomization (EIMGA), and Plasma Rotating Electrode Process (PREP) \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtomization science and technology, covering control of atomization parameters, powder size distribution, effect of processing variables, and theoretical models of atomization \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHeat transfer and solidification of droplets, covering nucleation, microstructure development, and important thermal and solidification conditions during atomization \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtomization of Al, Fe, Ni, Co, Ti, and high entropy alloys, as well as composite powders for additive manufacturing, and guidelines for atomization equipment and powder handling \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFundamental processing principles in a variety of metal additive manufacturing processes \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePowder characteristics and requirements for different additive manufacturing processes \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEffect of powder chemistry and physical characteristics on additive manufacturing processes, and the microstructure and properties of the built parts \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEvaluation of alternative feedstock sources for metal additive manufacturing, beyond gas atomized powder \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEconomic and sustainability perspectives on powder production and additive manufacturing \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMetallic Powders for Additive Manufacturing \u003c\/i\u003eis an excellent combination of rigorous fundamentals and a practice-oriented and forward-looking resource on the subject for materials scientists and practicing engineers seeking to understand, optimize, and further develop the field of powder production and additive manufacturing. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Authors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowlegments xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Atomization of Metallic Powder 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Overview of Atomization Techniques 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 History of Metallic Powder and Atomization Techniques 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Metal Powders 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Atomizer Designs 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Melt Atomization 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Gas Atomization (GA) 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Vacuum Induction Gas Atomization (VIGA) 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Electrode Induction Melting Gas Atomization (EIMGA) 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Plasma Rotating Electrode Process (PREP) 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Spark Plasma Discharge Spheroidization (SPDS) 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Plasma Induction Gas Atomization (PIGA) 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Plasma-Atomized Wire (PAW) 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Water Atomization (WA) 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Summary 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Atomization 25\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Atomization Technology 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Energy Consumption During Atomization 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Molten Metal Atomization Methods 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Subsonic Gas Atomization 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Supersonic Gas Atomization 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Ultrasonic Gas Atomization (USGA) 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Centrifugal Atomization 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Mono-sized Droplet Atomization 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Formation of Droplets 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Regimes of Liquid Breakup 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Mechanisms of Atomization 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Atomization of Cylindrical Liquids 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Atomization of Liquid Sheets 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Droplet Formation Under Conventional Gas Atomization Conditions 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Droplet Formation During Centrifugal Atomization 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Control of Atomization Parameters 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Classification of Processing Variables 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Factors Affecting Metal Flow Rate 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Metal Flow Rate 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Gas Flow Rate and Velocity 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Powder Size Distribution 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Powder Size 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Size Distribution 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Effect of Processing Variables 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Important Atomization Variables 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Atomization Pressure 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Liquid Flow Rate 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.4 Gas Velocity 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.5 Gas Flow Rate 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.6 Mechanical Disturbances 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.7 Physical Properties of Atomization Gas 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.8 Liquid Viscosity 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.9 Liquid Surface Tension 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.10 Fluid Temperature 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.11 Solidification Event 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.12 Apex Angle 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.13 Variables in Centrifugal Atomization 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Theoretical Models of Atomization 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Breakup of Liquid Rods or Fragments 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Formation of Droplets by Sheet Breakup 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Empirical Models 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Nukiyama and Tanasawa Analysis 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Wigg Analysis 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.3 Kim and Marshall Analysis 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.4 Schmitt Analysis 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.5 Weiss and Worsham Analysis 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.6 Lubanska Analysis 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Summary 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Heat Transfer and Solidification of Droplets 101\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Important Thermal and Solidification Conditions 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Thermal Conditions 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Solidification Considerations 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Heat Transfer 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Heat Transfer Coefficient 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Gas Velocity 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Droplet Velocity 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Nucleation 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Homogeneous Nucleation 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.1 Free Energy of Nucleation 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.2 Nucleation Rate 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.3 Homogeneous Undercooling 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.1 Heterogeneous Nucleants 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation Undercooling 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.3 Distribution of Nucleants 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Solidification of Droplets 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Temperature Distribution in Droplets 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Newtonian Solidification 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Cooling Rate 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Solidification Time 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Interfacial Velocity 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5.1 Equilibrium Solidification 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5.2 Dynamic Solidification 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5.3 Stepwise Growth 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5.4 Experimentally Determined Interfacial Velocities 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Microstructural Development 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Solidification Morphology 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Microstrutural Refinement 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2.1 Dendrite Arm Spacing 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2.2 Grain Size 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Phase Selection 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Solute Redistribution 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Summary 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Composite Powders for Additive Manufacturing 179\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Fabrication Methods 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Atomization and Co-injection 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Atomization of Premixed MMCs 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Reactive Atomization 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3.1 Gas–Liquid Interactions 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3.2 Liquid–Liquid Interactions 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3.3 Liquid–Solid Interactions 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Incorporation of Reinforcements During Co-injection 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Incorporation Behavior of Reinforcements 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Penetration of Semiliquid Droplets 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.1 Energy Balance 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.2 Force Balance 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.3 Combined Energy and Force Balance 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.4 Penetration Depth 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.5 Particle Type, Morphology, and Solid Fraction 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Penetration of Solid Droplets 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Particle Behavior During Solidification 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Engulfment of Reinforcements by Solid–Liquid Interface 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.1 Mass Balance 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.2 Force Balance 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.3 Thermal Field 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.4 Thermal Field and Force Balance 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.5 Engulfment During Droplet Solidification 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Mechanical Entrapment of Reinforcements by Solidification Fronts 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Reinforcement-Induced Nucleation 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.1 Free Energy Effects 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.2 Thermal Effects 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Other Methods for Fabricating MMC Powders 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Mechanical Milling and Cryomilling 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Surface Coating 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Reaction Synthesis 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Summary 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Diagnostic and Characterization Techniques 235\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Flow Visualization Techniques 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Particle Counting, Sizing, and Velocity Probe (PCSV-P) 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 High-Speed Cinematography\/Video 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 High-Speed Off-Axis Holographic Cinematography 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Infrared Thermal Imaging 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Phase Doppler Particle Analysis (PDPA) 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Surface Ionization For Monitoring Particles (SIMP) 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Intelligent Sensors 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Summary 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Atomization Improvements for Additive Manufacturing 263\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Gas and Metal Flow Rates 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Gas Velocity 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Physical Characteristics of the Gas and Melt 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Powder Size Distribution and Other Variables 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Powder Morphology 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Powder Satellites 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Powder Porosity 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Summary 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Atomization of Alloys 283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Aluminum-Based Alloys and Powders 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Al-Based Alloy Powders 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Al–Si Alloys 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Al–Cu Alloys 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Al–Transition Metal Alloys 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Al–Li Alloys 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.6 Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloys 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Iron-Based Alloys and Powders 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Fe-Based Alloy Powders 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Stainless Steels 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Tool Steels 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Other Iron-Based Materials 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Nickel-Based Alloys and Powders 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Ni-Based Alloy Powders 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Inconel Alloys 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 René Alloys 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Other Superalloys 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Titanium-Based Alloy and Powders 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Ti-Based Alloys 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Ti-Based Alloy Powders 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Cobalt-Based Alloys and Powder 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Co-Based Alloys 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Co-Based Alloy Powders 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 High-Entropy Alloys and Powders 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 High-Entropy Alloys 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 High-Entropy Alloy Powders 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Summary 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Powders in Additive Manufacturing 341\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Overview of Metal Additive Manufacturing Technologies 343\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 History of Metal Additive Manufacturing Techniques 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 PBF Processing Principles 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Feedstock Powder for PBF 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Post-processing After PBF 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Directed Energy Deposition (DED) 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 DED Processing Principles 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Feedstock Powder for DED 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Post-processing After DED 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Metal Binder Jetting 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 BJT Processing Principles 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Feedstock Powder for BJT 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Post-processing After BJT 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Sheet Lamination (SHL) 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Summary 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronym\/Nomenclature 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Powder–Laser–Melt Pool Interactions 361\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Laser and Laser-Material Interactions 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Laser–Matter Interactions 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Laser-Material Processing 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Laser-Material Interactions During DED Processing 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Inflight Particle Heating 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Thermal Behavior of Melt Pool 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Interactions Between Particles and Melt Pool 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Laser-Material Interactions During PBF Processing 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Powder Layer Characteristics and Spreading 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Laser Beam–Powder Interactions 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Spatter and Denudation Formation 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Powder Degradation 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Summary 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Influence of Powder Chemistry on Additive Manufacturing 387\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Alloy Compositions 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Impurities and Segregation 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 High Entropy Alloys (Multi-Principal Element Alloys) 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Metal Matrix Composites 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 In-Situ Alloying (In-Process Alloying) 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Summary 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Physical Powder Characteristics and Additive Manufacturing 403\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Characterization of Physical Powder Properties 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Powder Sampling 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Particle Morphology 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Powder Flow Characteristics 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Powder Production Methods 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Gas Atomization 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Water Atomization 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Mechanical Milling 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Powder Reuse, Recycling, and Recovery 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Influence of Powder Production Methods and Parameters On Powder Properties and Additive Manufacturing 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Influence of Powder Reuse, Recycling, and Recovery on Powder Characteristics and Additive Manufacturing 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Postproduction Methods for Treating Powders 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Summary 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Microstructure Evolution and Powder Effects 433\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Grain Structure and Phase Composition 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition (CET) 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Phase Composition 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Solidification Kinetics 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Solid-State AM 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Summary 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Defect Formation and Powder Effects 455\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Porosity 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Cracking and Delamination 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Interfacial Structure and Grain Size 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Segregation 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Surface Roughness 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Summary 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Residual Stress and Powder Effects 479\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Measuring Residual Stress 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Powder Characteristics 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Pre-processing Heat Treatment 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Process Parameters 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Post-processing Treatments 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Summary 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Physical and Chemical Behavior and Powder Effects 493\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Density 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Surface Appearance 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Elastic and Plastic Deformation 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Hardness 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Fracture and Fatigue 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Corrosion and Wear 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Oxidation 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Summary 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Economic and Sustainability Assessments of Powder Production and Additive Manufacturing 513\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Resource Utilization 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Materials Utilization 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Energy Utilization 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Other Resources 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Economic Assessment 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Cost Breakdown and Models 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Supply Chain Effects 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Sustainability Assessments 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Hazard Traits of Metals and Occupational Exposure Potential 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Impact 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Summary 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Future Directions and Challenges 555\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Future Directions in the Atomization of Powders 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Technology Improvements 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Custom Alloys and Composites 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Additive Manufacturing 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Future Directions and Challenges in the Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Novel Structures 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Hybrid Manufacturing 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 Diagnostic Methods 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.5 Future Challenges 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Summary 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 565\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnrique J. Lavernia, PhD, \u003c\/b\u003eis Professor and holder of the M. Katherine Banks Chair, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A\u0026amp;M University, College Station.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKaka Ma, PhD, \u003c\/b\u003eis Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering at Colorado State University, Fort Collins.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJulie M. Schoenung, PhD, \u003c\/b\u003eis Professor and holder of the Wofford Cain Chair III, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A\u0026amp;M University, College Station.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJames F. Shackelford, PhD, \u003c\/b\u003eis Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of California, Davis.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBaolong Zheng, PhD, \u003c\/b\u003eis Project Scientist in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of California, Irvine.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eOverview of successful pathways for producing metal powders for additive manufacturing of high-performance metallic parts and components with tailored properties \u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMetallic Powders for Additive Manufacturing \u003c\/i\u003eintroduces the readers to the science and technology of atomized metal powders beyond empirical knowledge and the fundamental relationships among the chemistry, microstructure, and morphology of atomized metallic powders and their behavior during additive manufacturing.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe text sets a foundation of the underlying science that controls the formation and microstructure of atomized metallic droplets, including the relations among the properties of metallic powders, their performance during the manufacturing processes, and the resulting products.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther topics covered include the influence of powder on defect formation, residual stress, mechanical behavior, and physical properties. The concluding two chapters encompass considerations of broader societal implications and overarching themes, including the exploration of alternative feedstock materials, economic analysis, and sustainability assessment. These chapters offer valuable perspectives on the prospective trajectory of the field.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWritten by a team of experienced and highly qualified professors and academics, \u003ci\u003eMetallic Powders for Additive Manufacturing \u003c\/i\u003eincludes information on:  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtomization techniques such as Vacuum Induction Gas Atomization (VIGA), Electrode Induction Melting Gas Atomization (EIMGA), and Plasma Rotating Electrode Process (PREP) \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtomization science and technology, covering control of atomization parameters, powder size distribution, effect of processing variables, and theoretical models of atomization \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHeat transfer and solidification of droplets, covering nucleation, microstructure development, and important thermal and solidification conditions during atomization \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtomization of Al, Fe, Ni, Co, Ti, and high entropy alloys, as well as composite powders for additive manufacturing, and guidelines for atomization equipment and powder handling \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFundamental processing principles in a variety of metal additive manufacturing processes \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePowder characteristics and requirements for different additive manufacturing processes \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEffect of powder chemistry and physical characteristics on additive manufacturing processes, and the microstructure and properties of the built parts \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEvaluation of alternative feedstock sources for metal additive manufacturing, beyond gas atomized powder \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEconomic and sustainability perspectives on powder production and additive manufacturing \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMetallic Powders for Additive Manufacturing \u003c\/i\u003eis an excellent combination of rigorous fundamentals and a practice-oriented and forward-looking resource on the subject for materials scientists and practicing engineers seeking to understand, optimize, and further develop the field of powder production and additive manufacturing.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989612773605,"sku":"NP9781119908111","price":185.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119908111.jpg?v=1761784808","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/metallic-powders-for-additive-manufacturing-isbn-9781119908111","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}