{"product_id":"mechanical-properties-of-solid-polymers-isbn-9781444319507","title":"Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers","description":"\u003cp\u003eProviding an updated and comprehensive account of the properties of solid polymers, the book covers all aspects of mechanical behaviour.  This includes finite elastic behavior, linear viscoelasticity and mechanical relaxations, mechanical anisotropy, non-linear viscoelasicity, yield behavior and fracture. New to this edition is coverage of polymer nanocomposites, and molecular interpretations of yield, e.g. Bowden, Young, and Argon.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe book begins by focusing on the structure of polymers, including their chemical composition and physical structure.  It goes on to discuss the mechanical properties and behaviour of polymers, the statistical molecular theories of the rubber-like state and describes aspects of linear viscoelastic behaviour, its measurement, and experimental studies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLater chapters cover composites and experimental behaviour, relaxation transitions, stress and yielding. The book concludes with a discussion of breaking phenomena.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Structure of Polymers 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Chemical Composition 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Polymerisation 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Cross-Linking and Chain-Branching 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Average Molecular Mass and Molecular Mass Distribution 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.4 Chemical and Steric Isomerism and Stereoregularity 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.5 Liquid Crystalline Polymers 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.6 Blends, Grafts and Copolymers 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Physical Structure 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Rotational Isomerism 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Orientation and Crystallinity 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The Mechanical Properties of Polymers: General Considerations 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Objectives 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Different Types of Mechanical Behaviour 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 The Elastic Solid and the Behaviour of Polymers 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Stress and Strain 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 The State of Stress 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 The State of Strain 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 The Generalised Hooke’s Law 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Behaviour in the Rubber-Like State: Finite Strain Elasticity 31\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 The Generalised Definition of Strain 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 The Cauchy–Green Strain Measure 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Principal Strains 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Transformation of Strain 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.4 Examples of Elementary Strain Fields 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.5 Relationship of Engineering Strains to General Strains 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.6 Logarithmic Strain 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The Stress Tensor 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The Stress–Strain Relationships 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 The Use of a Strain Energy Function 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Thermodynamic Considerations 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 The Form of the Strain Energy Function 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 The Strain Invariants 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Application of the Invariant Approach 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Application of the Principal Stretch Approach 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Rubber-Like Elasticity 61\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 General Features of Rubber-Like Behaviour 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 The Thermodynamics of Deformation 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 The Thermoelastic Inversion Effect 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 The Statistical Theory 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Simplifying Assumptions 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Average Length of a Molecule between Cross-Links 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 The Entropy of a Single Chain 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 The Elasticity of a Molecular Network 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Modifications of Simple Molecular Theory 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 The Phantom Network Model 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 The Constrained Junction Model 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 The Slip Link Model 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 The Inverse Langevin Approximation 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 The Conformational Exhaustion Model 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.6 The Effect of Strain-Induced Crystallisation 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 The Internal Energy Contribution to Rubber Elasticity 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Conclusions 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Viscoelasticity as a Phenomenon 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Creep 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Stress Relaxation 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Mathematical Representation of Linear Viscoelasticity 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 The Boltzmann Superposition Principle 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 The Stress Relaxation Modulus 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 The Formal Relationship between Creep and Stress Relaxation 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Mechanical Models, Relaxation and Retardation Time Spectra 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 The Kelvin or Voigt Model 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 The Maxwell Model 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.7 The Standard Linear Solid 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.8 Relaxation Time Spectra and Retardation Time Spectra 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Dynamical Mechanical Measurements: The Complex Modulus and Complex Compliance 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Experimental Patterns for G 1 , G 2 and so on as a Function of Frequency 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 The Relationships between the Complex Moduli and the Stress Relaxation Modulus 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Formal Representations of the Stress Relaxation Modulus and the Complex Modulus 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Formal Representations of the Creep Compliance and the Complex Compliance 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 The Formal Structure of Linear Viscoelasticity 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 The Relaxation Strength 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour 119\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Creep and Stress Relaxation 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Creep Conditioning 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Specimen Characterisation 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Experimental Precautions 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Dynamic Mechanical Measurements 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 The Torsion Pendulum 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Forced Vibration Methods 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Wave-Propagation Methods 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 The Kilohertz Frequency Range 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 The Megahertz Frequency Range: Ultrasonic Methods 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 The Hypersonic Frequency Range: Brillouin Spectroscopy 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Experimental Studies of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a Function of Frequency and Temperature: Time–Temperature Equivalence 135\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 General Introduction 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Amorphous Polymers 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Temperature Dependence of Viscoelastic Behaviour 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Crystallinity and Inclusions 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Time–Temperature Equivalence and Superposition 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Transition State Theories 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 The Site Model Theory 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 The Time–Temperature Equivalence of the Glass Transition Viscoelastic Behaviour in Amorphous Polymers and the Williams, Landel and Ferry (WLF) Equation 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 The Williams, Landel and Ferry Equation, the Free Volume Theory and Other Related Theories 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 The Free Volume Theory of Cohen and Turnbull 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 The Statistical Thermodynamic Theory of Adam and Gibbs 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 An Objection to Free Volume Theories 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Normal Mode Theories Based on Motion of Isolated Flexible Chains 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 The Dynamics of Highly Entangled Polymers 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour 167\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 The Description of Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Mechanical Anisotropy in Polymers 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 The Elastic Constants for Specimens Possessing Fibre Symmetry 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 The Elastic Constants for Specimens Possessing Orthorhombic Symmetry 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Measurement of Elastic Constants 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Measurements on Films or Sheets 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Measurements on Fibres and Monofilaments 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Experimental Studies of Mechanical Anisotropy in Oriented Polymers 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Sheets of Low-Density Polyethylene 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Filaments Tested at Room Temperature 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Interpretation of Mechanical Anisotropy: General Considerations 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Theoretical Calculation of Elastic Constants 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Orientation and Morphology 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Experimental Studies of Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour and Their Interpretation 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 The Aggregate Model and Mechanical Anisotropy 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Correlation of the Elastic Constants of an Oriented Polymer with Those of an Isotropic Polymer: The Aggregate Model 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 The Development of Mechanical Anisotropy with Molecular Orientation 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4 The Sonic Velocity 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.5 Amorphous Polymers 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.6 Oriented Polyethylene Terephthalate Sheet with Orthorhombic Symmetry 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 The Aggregate Model for Chain-Extended Polyethylene and Liquid Crystalline Polymers 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Auxetic Materials: Negative Poisson’s Ratio 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Polymer Composites: Macroscale and Microscale 227\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Composites: A General Introduction 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Mechanical Anisotropy of Polymer Composites 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Mechanical Anisotropy of Lamellar Structures 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Elastic Constants of Highly Aligned Fibre Composites 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Mechanical Anisotropy and Strength of Uniaxially Aligned Fibre Composites 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Short Fibre Composites 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 The Influence of Fibre Length: Shear Lag Theory 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Debonding and Pull-Out 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Partially Oriented Fibre Composites 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Nanocomposites 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Takayanagi Models for Semi-Crystalline Polymers 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 The Simple Takayanagi Model 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Takayanagi Models for Dispersed Phases 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Modelling Polymers with a Single-Crystal Texture 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Ultra-High-Modulus Polyethylene 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 The Crystalline Fibril Model 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 The Crystalline Bridge Model 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Conclusions 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Relaxation Transitions: Experimental Behaviour and Molecular Interpretation 261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Amorphous Polymers: An Introduction 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Factors Affecting the Glass Transition in Amorphous Polymers 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Effect of Chemical Structure 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Effect of Molecular Mass and Cross-Linking 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Blends, Grafts and Copolymers 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Effects of Plasticisers 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Relaxation Transitions in Crystalline Polymers 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 General Introduction 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Relaxation in Low-Crystallinity Polymers 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Relaxation Processes in Polyethylene 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Relaxation Processes in Liquid Crystalline Polymers 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Conclusions 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Non-linear Viscoelastic Behaviour 285\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 The Engineering Approach 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Isochronous Stress–Strain Curves 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Power Laws 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 The Rheological Approach 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Historical Introduction to Non-linear Viscoelasticity Theory 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Adaptations of Linear Theory – Differential Models 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Adaptations of Linear Theory – Integral Models 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 More Complicated Single-Integral Representations 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Comparison of Single-Integral Models 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation as Thermally Activated Processes 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 The Eyring Equation 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Applications of the Eyring Equation to Creep 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Applications of the Eyring Equation to Stress Relaxation 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Applications of the Eyring Equation to Yield 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Multi-axial Deformation: Three-Dimensional Non-linear Viscoelasticity 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Yielding and Instability in Polymers 319\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Discussion of the Load–Elongation Curves in Tensile Testing 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Necking and the Ultimate Stress 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Necking and Cold-Drawing: A Phenomenological Discussion 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Use of the Considère Construction 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.4 Definition of Yield Stress 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Ideal Plastic Behaviour 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 The Yield Criterion: General Considerations 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 The Tresca Yield Criterion 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 The Coulomb Yield Criterion 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 The von Mises Yield Criterion 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.5 Geometrical Representations of the Tresca, von Mises and Coulomb Yield Criteria 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.6 Combined Stress States 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.7 Yield Criteria for Anisotropic Materials 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.8 The Plastic Potential 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Historical Development of Understanding of the Yield Process 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Adiabatic Heating 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 The Isothermal Yield Process: The Nature of the Load Drop 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Experimental Evidence for Yield Criteria in Polymers 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Application of Coulomb Yield Criterion to Yield Behaviour 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Direct Evidence for the Influence of Hydrostatic Pressure on Yield Behaviour 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 The Molecular Interpretations of Yield 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Yield as an Activated Rate Process 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Yield Considered to Relate to the Movement of Dislocations or Disclinations 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Cold-Drawing, Strain Hardening and the True Stress–Strain Curve 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 General Considerations 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Cold-Drawing and the Natural Draw Ratio 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 The Concept of the True Stress–True Strain Curve and the Network Draw Ratio 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4 Strain Hardening and Strain Rate Sensitivity 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5 Process Flow Stress Paths 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.6 Neck Profiles 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.7 Crystalline Polymers 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Shear Bands 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Physical Considerations behind Viscoplastic Modelling 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1 The Bauschinger Effect 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Shape Memory Polymers 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Breaking Phenomena 379\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Definition of Tough and Brittle Behaviour in Polymers 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Principles of Brittle Fracture of Polymers 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Griffith Fracture Theory 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 The Irwin Model 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 The Strain Energy Release Rate 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Controlled Fracture in Brittle Polymers 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Crazing in Glassy Polymers 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 The Structure and Formation of Crazes 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 The Structure of Crazes 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Craze Initiation and Growth 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Crazing in the Presence of Fluids and Gases: Environmental Crazing 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Controlled Fracture in Tough Polymers 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 The J-Integral 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Essential Work of Fracture 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 Crack Opening Displacement 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 The Molecular Approach 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Factors Influencing Brittle–Ductile Behaviour: Brittle–Ductile Transitions 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.1 The Ludwig–Davidenkov–Orowan Hypothesis 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.2 Notch Sensitivity and Vincent’s σ B –σ Y Diagram 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.3 A Theory of Brittle–Ductile Transitions Consistent with Fracture Mechanics: Fracture Transitions 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 The Impact Strength of Polymers 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.1 Flexed-Beam Impact 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.2 Falling-Weight Impact 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.3 Toughened Polymers: High-Impact Polyblends 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.4 Crazing and Stress Whitening 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.5 Dilatation Bands 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 The Tensile Strength and Tearing of Polymers in the Rubbery State 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.1 The Tearing of Rubbers: Extension of Griffith Theory 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.2 Molecular Theories of the Tensile Strength of Rubbers 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Effect of Strain Rate and Temperature 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Fatigue in Polymers 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 447\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Index 449\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProfessor Ian M. Ward\u003c\/b\u003e is an internationally recognized and well respected authority on this subject. Chair in Physics at Leeds University since 1970, he has gained a reputation as an outstanding scientist. He is also a co-founder of the British Polymer Physics Group and the winner of several awards, including the Glazebrook medal of the Institute of Physics (2004) and the Netlon award (2004) both given for his work in polymer physics.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProfessor John Sweeney\u003c\/b\u003e holds a Personal Chair in Polymer Mechanics at the University of Bradford. He has researched in various areas of solid polymer behaviour, including viscoelasticity, fracture mechanics, shear banding, large deformations and nanocomposites. He is well known for his collaborations with Professor Ward and his association with the internationally recognized Polymer IRC (Interdisciplinary Research Centre).\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eWhen assessing the mechanical properties of a polymer, questions of ductility, strength and flexibility are paramount. Understanding how a polymer behaves under stress is critical to selecting the correct polymer for any given application. In \u003ci\u003eMechanical Properties of Solid Polymers 3e,\u003c\/i\u003e the approach is to provide a formal description of the behaviour using the mathematical techniques of solid mechanics, followed by interpretations in terms of the molecular structure and morphology. The third edition combines the best qualities of its highly successful predecessors and includes: \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eFinite strain and rubber-like elasticity\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eLinear viscoelasticity and mechanical relaxation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAnisotropic mechanical behaviour\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePolymer composites and nanocomposites\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNon-linear viscoelasticity\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eYield, instability, and breaking phenomena\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrawing on more than thirty years of teaching and research experience, Ward and Sweeney present all aspects of mechanical behaviour in an accessible way without compromising the in-depth treatments of foundational techniques and theories. The result is a straightforward, rigorous and practical guide. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Introduces the mechanical properties of solid polymers in a straightforward, rigorous, and practical manner… an essential volume for students and scholars of physics, chemistry and chemical engineering, as well as polymer researchers, chemists, and chemical engineers or material scientists in government and industry.”—Professor F. J. Baltá-Calleja (Inst. Estructura  de la Materia, CSIC, Spain)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989595603173,"sku":"NP9781444319507","price":192.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781444319507.jpg?v=1761784740","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/mechanical-properties-of-solid-polymers-isbn-9781444319507","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}