Maria Mitchell and the Sexing of Science

The story of one of America's first professional astronomers and the changes that led to science being a male-dominated field

There are a number of intellectual women from the 19th century whose crucial roles in the philosophical, social, and scientific debates that roiled the era have not been fully examined.Among them is the astronomer Maria Mitchell.

Given the relative dearth of women scientists today, most of us assume that science has always been a masculine domain. But as Renée Bergland reminds us, science and humanities were not seen as separate spheres in the nineteenth century; indeed, before the Civil War, women flourished in science and mathematics, disciplines that were considered less politically threatening and less profitable than the humanities. Mitchell apprenticed with her father, an amateur astronomer; taught herself the higher math of the day; and for years regularly "swept" the clear Nantucket night sky with the telescope in her rooftop observatory.

In 1847, thanks to these diligent sweeps, Mitchell discovered a comet and was catapulted to international fame. Within a few years she was one of America's first professional astronomers; as "computer of Venus"—a sort of human calculator—for the U.S. Navy's Nautical Almanac, she calculated the planet's changing position. After an intellectual tour of Europe that included a winter in Rome with Sophia and Nathaniel Hawthorne, Mitchell was invited to join the founding faculty at Vassar College, where she spent her later years mentoring the next generation of women astronomers. Tragically, opportunities for her students dried up over the next few decades as the increasingly male scientific establishment began to close ranks.

Mitchell protested this cultural shift in vain. In this compulsively readable biography, Renée Bergland chronicles the ideological, academic, and economic changes that led to the original sexing of science—now so familiar that most of us have never known it any other way.INTRODUCTION
Venus in the Sunshine

CHAPTER 1
Urania’s Island

CHAPTER 2
Nantucket Athena

CHAPTER 3
The Sexes of Science

CHAPTER 4
Miss Mitchell’s Comet

CHAPTER 5
“A Center of Rude Eyes and Tongues”

CHAPTER 6
The Shoulders of Giants

CHAPTER 7
The Yankee Corinnes

CHAPTER 8
A Mentor in Florence

CHAPTER 9
The War Years

CHAPTER 10
Vassar Female College

CHAPTER 11
No Miserable Bluestocking

CHAPTER 12
“Good Woman That She Is”

CHAPTER 13
The Undevout Astronomer

CHAPTER 14
Retrograde Motion

CHAPTER 15
Urania’s Inversion

EPILOGUE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

NOTES

INDEXThe best thing in its line since Dava Sobel's Longitude. Bergland tells a great, if too little known, story of an intellectual woman in nineteenth-century New England. And it is beautifully told: I simply could not put it down. Anyone who cares about women's education in America should read this compelling and indispensable book. —Robert D. Richardson, author of Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind, Emerson: The Mind on Fire, and William James: In the Maelstrom of American Modernism

"Renée Bergland recounts the story of Maria Mitchell's life and work in glorious and careful detail. One feels and hears the sounds of Mitchell's native Nantucket and her adopted Vassar, and comes to understand how one of the 'gentler sex' advanced astronomy in her day."—Londa Schiebinger, author of Has Feminism Changed Science?Renée Bergland teaches English and Gender/Cultural Studies at Simmons College and holds a research appointment in Women's and Gender Studies at Harvard. President of the New England American Studies Association and a former Fulbright scholar, she received a "We the People" grant from the NEH for her work on Maria Mitchell. She is author of The National Uncanny: Indian Ghosts and American Subjects, and co-editor (with Gary Williams) of Philosophies of Sex: Critical Essays on the Hermaphrodite. She has also written for the Boston Globe, L.A. Times, and Washington Post.