{"product_id":"low-electromagnetic-field-exposure-wireless-devices-isbn-9781119909163","title":"Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLOW ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE WIRELESS DEVICES\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive resource covering methods of designing energy efficient and low EMF wireless device techniques\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupported with real case studies and recent advancements and laying the foundation for future advancements in the field, \u003ci\u003eLow Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances\u003c\/i\u003e describes both ways, i.e. hardware and software, in which the user-centric wireless communication devices can be designed to reduce the levels of EMF to limit the potential long-term effects of EMF on human health.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe text covers state-of-the-art and advanced topics such as EMF exposure standards and rationale, EMF evaluation tools, radio resource allocation, energy conservation, energy harvesting, EMF-aware antenna designs, and MIMO, and highlights advancements in this exciting field to date. To aid reader comprehension, the text contains numerous tables, illustrations, and photographs.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eLow Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances\u003c\/i\u003e, readers can expect to find information on:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eFundamentals and key practices, and mechanisms and assessment methods, of exposure to electromagnetic fields\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe role of the smartphone on the assessment of exposure from 5G and antenna design considerations and techniques for low SAR mobile handsets\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNumerical exposure assessments of communication systems at higher frequencies and age-dependent exposure estimation using numerical methods\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eReinforcement learning and device-to-device communication in minimizing EMF exposure and emission-aware uplink resource allocation scheme for non-orthogonal multiple access systems\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor wireless user equipment designers and hardware engineers, teachers in wireless communications, and postgraduate students in antennas for communication systems, \u003ci\u003eLow Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances\u003c\/i\u003e is a must-have resource, covering an important topic that is expected to only grow in significance as future technological developments are made.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEditor Biography \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003exii\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eList of Contributors \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003exiii\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePreface \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003exv\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Electromagnetic Field Exposure: Fundamentals and Key\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePractices \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e1\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Ali Jamshed, Fabien Héliot, Tim W.C. Brown, and\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMasood Ur Rehman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction \u003ci\u003e1\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 EMF Metric and Evaluation Framework \u003ci\u003e3\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 EMF Exposure Factors \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.1 Transmit Antenna Regions \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.2 Transmit Antenna Characteristics \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.3 Duration of Exposure \u003ci\u003e6\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.4 Electrical Properties of Biological Tissues \u003ci\u003e6\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 EMF Exposure Metrics \u003ci\u003e6\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.1 Specific Absorption Rate \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.2 Power Density \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.3 Exposure-Ratio \u003ci\u003e9\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.4 Dose \u003ci\u003e10\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.5 Composite\/Generic Metric of EMF Exposure \u003ci\u003e10\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Application of Metric for Setting Guidelines\/Limits and Reducing\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExposure \u003ci\u003e10\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 SAR Reduction \u003ci\u003e11\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 PD Reduction \u003ci\u003e12\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Exposure-Ratio Reduction \u003ci\u003e12\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Dose Reduction \u003ci\u003e12\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eContents \u003c\/i\u003e\u003cb\u003evii\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Composite EMF Exposure Reduction \u003ci\u003e13\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Conclusion \u003ci\u003e13\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences \u003ci\u003e13\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Emitted from Wireless\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDevices: Mechanisms and Assessment Methods \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e19\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eYasir Alfadhl\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Fundamentals of EMF Interactions with the Human Body \u003ci\u003e19\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Thermal Effect \u003ci\u003e21\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Non-thermal Effects \u003ci\u003e22\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Physical Models to Represent the Interaction of EMFs with Biological\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTissue \u003ci\u003e24\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Interaction Mechanisms \u003ci\u003e24\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1.1 Effects of Bound Charges \u003ci\u003e25\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1.2 Effects of Dipole Orientations \u003ci\u003e25\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1.3 Drift of Conduction Charges \u003ci\u003e25\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials \u003ci\u003e26\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2.1 Relaxation Theory \u003ci\u003e26\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2.2 Age-Dependent Dielectric Properties \u003ci\u003e28\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 The Interaction of EM Fields with Biological Materials \u003ci\u003e28\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.1 Interactions on the Body Scale \u003ci\u003e29\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.2 Interactions on the Tissue Scale \u003ci\u003e30\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.3 Interaction on the Cellular and Sub-cellular Scales \u003ci\u003e30\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Dosimetry Concepts \u003ci\u003e30\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) \u003ci\u003e31\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.1 SAR Measurement Techniques over the Frequency Spectrum \u003ci\u003e31\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.2 SAR Spatial Averaging \u003ci\u003e32\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.3 Tissue Mass Averaging Procedures \u003ci\u003e32\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.4 Localized and Whole-Body Averaged SAR \u003ci\u003e34\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 The Specific Absorption (SA) \u003ci\u003e34\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Dosimetry Methodology \u003ci\u003e35\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Experimental Dosimetry \u003ci\u003e35\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Numerical Dosimetry \u003ci\u003e36\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2.1 Theoretical Analysis \u003ci\u003e36\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2.2 Numerical Modelling \u003ci\u003e37\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Numerical Dosimetry at the Radiofrequency and Microwave\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegions \u003ci\u003e38\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Formulation of the Scattered-Field FDTD Algorithm \u003ci\u003e39\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Discretization of Anatomical Models in FDTD \u003ci\u003e40\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Comparisons of Numerical Results with Analytical Benchmarks \u003ci\u003e42\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences \u003ci\u003e46\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eviii \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eContents\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Numerical Exposure Assessments of Communication\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSystems at Higher Frequencies \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e49\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Rafaqat Ali Qureshi, Yasir Alfadhl, and Xiaodong Chen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction \u003ci\u003e49\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Exposure Configuration \u003ci\u003e50\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 PlaneWave Exposure Assessment of E-field Absorption Within the\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin Using SAR as a Function of Frequency \u003ci\u003e51\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Comparisons of SAR Levels on Dry-Skin andWet-Skin \u003ci\u003e52\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 PlaneWave Exposure Assessment of E-field Absorption Within\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMulti-layer Model Using SAR as a Function of Frequency \u003ci\u003e58\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Comparisons of SAR Levels on Dry-Skin and Multi-layer Model \u003ci\u003e59\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 PlaneWave Exposure Assessment of E-field Absorption Within the\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEye Using SAR as a Function of Frequency \u003ci\u003e63\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Comparisons of SAR Levels on HEECM and Multi-layer Model \u003ci\u003e64\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Chapter Summary \u003ci\u003e68\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 3.A \u003ci\u003e69\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences \u003ci\u003e74\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Age Dependent Exposure Estimation Using Numerical\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e77\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Rafaqat Ali Qureshi, Yasir Alfadhl, Xiaodong Chen, and\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMasood Ur Rehman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction \u003ci\u003e77\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Numerical Human Models \u003ci\u003e78\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Adult Voxel Models \u003ci\u003e78\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Child Voxel Model \u003ci\u003e79\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Age-Dependent Tissue Properties \u003ci\u003e81\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Measured Tissue Properties \u003ci\u003e82\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Age-dependent Human Dielectric Properties Extraction from\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasured Data \u003ci\u003e83\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Novel Calculation Methods of Age-dependent Dielectric\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties \u003ci\u003e83\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.1 Single Frequency Age-Dependent Method \u003ci\u003e84\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.2 Dispersive Age-Dependent Method \u003ci\u003e86\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.3 Implementation of the Cole–Cole Model on Age-Dependent\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties \u003ci\u003e90\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.4 Accuracy Among the Age-dependent Methods \u003ci\u003e91\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Numerical Validation \u003ci\u003e95\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Comparison with an Analytical Benchmark \u003ci\u003e95\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Chapter Summary \u003ci\u003e97\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 4.A \u003ci\u003e97\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences \u003ci\u003e111\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eContents \u003c\/i\u003e\u003cb\u003eix\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Antenna Design Considerations for Low SAR Mobile\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTerminals \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e115\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Ali Jamshed, Tim W.C. Brown, and Fabien Héliot\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction \u003ci\u003e115\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 SAR Reduction and Dual Coupling of Antenna \u003ci\u003e117\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Coupling Manipulation Simulation Campaign \u003ci\u003e118\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 SAR Analysis and Surface Current \u003ci\u003e123\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Resilience to Different Head Use Cases \u003ci\u003e127\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Analysis of MIMO Performance in Data Mode \u003ci\u003e130\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Conclusion \u003ci\u003e132\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences \u003ci\u003e132\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 MIMO Antennas with Coupling Manipulation for Low SAR\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDevices \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e135\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Ali Jamshed, Tim W.C. Brown, and Fabien Héliot\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction \u003ci\u003e135\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Working Principle and Antenna Geometry \u003ci\u003e136\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Antenna Dimensions \u003ci\u003e136\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Surface Current Distribution \u003ci\u003e138\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Frequency Region Analysis \u003ci\u003e139\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Antenna Measurements \u003ci\u003e141\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 MIMO Performance \u003ci\u003e141\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Efficiency and SAR Analysis \u003ci\u003e143\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusion \u003ci\u003e148\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences \u003ci\u003e148\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Reinforcement Learning and Device-to-Device\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCommunication for Low EMF Exposure \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e151\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAli Nauman, Muhammad Ali Jamshed, and Sung Won Kim\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction \u003ci\u003e151\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Contribution of Chapter \u003ci\u003e153\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Chapter Organization \u003ci\u003e154\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Background \u003ci\u003e154\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) \u003ci\u003e155\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.1 Frame Structure \u003ci\u003e155\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication \u003ci\u003e157\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Machine Learning \u003ci\u003e160\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3.1 Reinforcement Learning \u003ci\u003e160\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3.2 Q-Learning \u003ci\u003e162\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 RelatedWorks \u003ci\u003e163\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 System Model, Problem Formulation, and Proposed RL-ID2D \u003ci\u003e164\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ex \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eContents\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Network Model \u003ci\u003e164\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.1 Channel Model \u003ci\u003e164\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.2 Mobility Model \u003ci\u003e164\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.3 Signal-to-Interference-Noise-Ratio (SINR) \u003ci\u003e166\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Definitions \u003ci\u003e166\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.1 Packet Delivery Ratio \u003ci\u003e166\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.2 Potential Relay Set \u003ci\u003e167\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.3 End-to-End Delivery Ratio \u003ci\u003e167\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Problem Formulation \u003ci\u003e167\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Reinforcement Learning Enabled Relay Selection \u003ci\u003e168\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.1 Q-Learning Framework \u003ci\u003e168\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Proposed Intelligent D2D Mechanism \u003ci\u003e171\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Performance Evaluation \u003ci\u003e174\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Simulation Deployment Scenario and Analysis \u003ci\u003e174\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1.1 Analysis of Q-Learning Behavior in NB-IoT UE \u003ci\u003e174\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1.2 Analysis of EDR Under Various Parameters \u003ci\u003e178\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1.3 Analysis of E2E Delay Under Various Parameters \u003ci\u003e179\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1.4 Comparative Analysis of RL-ID2D with Opportunistic and\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeterministic Model \u003ci\u003e180\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusion \u003ci\u003e183\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences \u003ci\u003e183\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Unsupervised Learning Based Resource Allocation for Low\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEMF NOMA Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e187\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Ali Jamshed, Fabien Héliot, and Tim W.C. Brown\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction \u003ci\u003e187\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 ExistingWork \u003ci\u003e188\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Motivation and Contributions \u003ci\u003e189\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Structure of the Chapter \u003ci\u003e190\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 EMF-Aware PD-NOMA Framework \u003ci\u003e192\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 System Model \u003ci\u003e192\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Problem Formulation \u003ci\u003e195\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Machine Learning Based User Grouping\/Subcarrier Allocation \u003ci\u003e196\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Power Assignment \u003ci\u003e198\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Numerical Analysis \u003ci\u003e201\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Simulation Results \u003ci\u003e202\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Scheme Validity for Real Applications \u003ci\u003e206\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Conclusion \u003ci\u003e208\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences \u003ci\u003e208\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eContents \u003c\/i\u003e\u003cb\u003exi\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Emission-Aware Resource Optimization for\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBackscatter-Enabled NOMA Networks \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e213\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Ali Jamshed, Wali Ullah Khan, Haris Pervaiz,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Ali Imran, and Masood Ur Rehman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction \u003ci\u003e213\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Motivation and Contributions \u003ci\u003e214\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 System Model \u003ci\u003e215\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Problem Formulation \u003ci\u003e217\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Proposed Solution \u003ci\u003e218\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Sub-carrier Allocation \u003ci\u003e218\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Power Allocation \u003ci\u003e218\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Performance Evaluation \u003ci\u003e221\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Conclusion \u003ci\u003e223\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences \u003ci\u003e223\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Road Ahead for Low EMF User Proximity Devices \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e225\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Ali Jamshed, Fabien Héliot, Tim W.C. Brown, and\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMasood Ur Rehman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction \u003ci\u003e225\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Perception and Physiological Impact of EMF \u003ci\u003e226\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Public’s Perception of Exposure and Risk Assessment \u003ci\u003e226\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Physiological Impact \u003ci\u003e227\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.1 Age Range and Exposure \u003ci\u003e227\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.2 mmWave and Exposure \u003ci\u003e227\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.3 Brain Tumour and Exposure \u003ci\u003e228\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 EMF Exposure Evaluation Metric and Regulations: A Future\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspective \u003ci\u003e229\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Expected Exposure Contribution of Future Wireless Communication\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnologies \u003ci\u003e229\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.1 Exposure and mmWave \u003ci\u003e229\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.2 Exposure and Massive MIMO \u003ci\u003e229\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.3 Exposure and Densification \u003ci\u003e230\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Open Issues and Future Research Tracks \u003ci\u003e231\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.1 New EMF Limits and Guidelines \u003ci\u003e231\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.2 EMF Mitigation Techniques and New Metrics \u003ci\u003e231\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.3 Other Open Issues \u003ci\u003e232\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Conclusion \u003ci\u003e232\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences \u003ci\u003e233\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIndex \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e237\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMasood Ur Rehman \u003c\/b\u003eis an Associate Professor in Electronic and Nanoscale Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. He is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy UK and Senior Member of the IEEE and Associate Editor for IEEE Sensors Journal, IEEE Access, Microwave \u0026amp; Optical Technology Letters, and IET Electronics Letters. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMuhammad Ali Jamshed \u003c\/b\u003eis a Research Assistant at the University of Glasgow, UK. Muhammad earned his PhD from the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, in 2021. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and Associate Editor of IET Network.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive resource covering methods of designing energy efficient and low EMF wireless device techniques\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupported with real case studies and recent advancements and laying the foundation for future advancements in the field, \u003ci\u003eLow Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances\u003c\/i\u003e describes both ways, i.e. hardware and software, in which the user-centric wireless communication devices can be designed to reduce the levels of EMF to limit the potential long-term effects of EMF on human health. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe text covers state-of-the-art and advanced topics such as EMF exposure standards and rationale, EMF evaluation tools, radio resource allocation, energy conservation, energy harvesting, EMF-aware antenna designs, and MIMO, and highlights advancements in this exciting field to date. To aid reader comprehension, the text contains numerous tables, illustrations, and photographs. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eLow Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances\u003c\/i\u003e, readers can expect to find information on: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Fundamentals and key practices, and mechanisms and assessment methods, of exposure to electromagnetic fields \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e The role of the smartphone on the assessment of exposure from 5G and antenna design considerations and techniques for low SAR mobile handsets\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Numerical exposure assessments of communication systems at higher frequencies and age-dependent exposure estimation using numerical methods\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Reinforcement learning and device-to-device communication in minimizing EMF exposure and emission-aware uplink resource allocation scheme for non-orthogonal multiple access systems\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor wireless user equipment designers and hardware engineers, teachers in wireless communications, and postgraduate students in antennas for communication systems, \u003ci\u003eLow Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances\u003c\/i\u003e is a must-have resource, covering an important topic that is expected to only grow in significance as future technological developments are made.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-IEEE Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989543829733,"sku":"NP9781119909163","price":130.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119909163.jpg?v=1761784532","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/low-electromagnetic-field-exposure-wireless-devices-isbn-9781119909163","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}