{"product_id":"lithium-sulfur-batteries-isbn-9781119297864","title":"Lithium-Sulfur Batteries","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA guide to lithium sulfur batteries that explores their materials, electrochemical mechanisms and modelling and includes recent scientific developments\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLithium Sulfur Batteries\u003c\/i\u003e (Li-S) offers a comprehensive examination of Li-S batteries from the viewpoint of the materials used in their construction, the underlying electrochemical mechanisms and how this translates into the characteristics of Li-S batteries. The authors – noted experts in the field – outline the approaches and techniques required to model Li-S batteries.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLithium Sulfur Batteries\u003c\/i\u003e reviews the application of Li-S batteries for commercial use and explores many broader issues including the development of battery management systems to control the unique characteristics of Li-S batteries. The authors include information onsulfur cathodes, electrolytes and other components used in making Li-S batteries and examine the role of lithium sulfide, the shuttle mechanism and its effects, and degradation mechanisms. The book contains a review of battery design and:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscusses electrochemistry of Li-S batteries and the analytical techniques used to study Li-S batteries\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eOffers information on the application of Li-S batteries for commercial use\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDistills years of research on Li-S batteries into one comprehensive volume\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes contributions from many leading scientists in the field of Li-S batteries\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplores the potential of Li-S batteries to power larger battery applications such as automobiles, aviation and space vehicles\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten for academic researchers, industrial scientists and engineers with an interest in the research, development, manufacture and application of next generation battery technologies, \u003ci\u003eLithium Sulfur Batteries \u003c\/i\u003eis an essential resource for accessing information on the construction and application of Li-S batteries. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Materials 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Electrochemical Theory and Physics 3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeraint Minton\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Overview of a LiS cell 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Development of the Cell Voltage 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Using the Electrochemical Potential 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Electrochemical Reactions 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 The Electric Double Layer 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Reaction Equilibrium 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 A Finite Electrolyte 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6 The Need for a Second Electrode 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Allowing a Current to Flow 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 The Reaction Overpotential 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 The Transport Overpotential 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 General Comments on the Overpotentials 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Additional Processes Which Define the Behavior of a LiS Cell 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Multiple Electrochemical Reactions at One Surface 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Chemical Reactions 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Species Solubility and Indirect Reaction Effects 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Transport Limitations in the Cathode 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.5 The Active Surface Area 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.6 Precipitate Accumulation 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.7 Electrolyte Viscosity, Conductivity, and Species Transport 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.8 Side Reactions and SEI Formation at the Anode 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.9 Anode Morphological Changes 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.10 Polysulfide Shuttle 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Summary 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Sulfur Cathodes 33\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHolger Althues, Susanne Dörfler, Sören Thieme, Patrick Strubel and Stefan Kaskel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Cathode Design Criteria 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Overview of Cathode Components and Composition 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Cathode Design: Role of Electrolyte in Sulfur Cathode Chemistry 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Cathode Design: Impact on Energy Density on Cell Level 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 Cathode Design: Impact on Cycle Life and Self-discharge 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.5 Cathode Design: Impact on Rate Capability 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Cathode Materials 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Properties of Sulfur 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Porous and Nanostructured Carbons as Conductive Cathode Scaffolds 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2.1 Graphite-Like Carbons 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2.2 Synthesis of Graphite-like Carbons 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2.3 Carbon Black 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2.4 Activated Carbons 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2.5 Carbide-Derived Carbon 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2.6 Hard-Template-Assisted Carbon Synthesis 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2.7 Carbon Surface Chemistry 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Carbon\/Sulfur Composite Cathodes 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.1 Microporous Carbons 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.2 Mesoporous Carbons 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.3 Macroporous Carbons and Nanotube–based Cathode Systems 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.4 Hierarchical Mesoporous Carbons 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.5 Hierarchical Microporous Carbons 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.6 Hollow Carbon Spheres 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.7 Graphene 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Retention of LiPS by Surface Modifications and Coating 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4.1 Metal Oxides as Adsorbents for Lithium Polysulfides 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Cathode Processing 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Methods for C\/S Composite Preparation 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Wet (Organic, Aqueous) and Dry Coating for Cathode Production 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Alternative Cathode Support Concepts (Carbon Current Collectors, Binder-free Electrodes) 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Processing Perspective for Carbons, Binders, and Additives 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusions 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Electrolyte for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 71\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarzieh Barghamadi, Mustafa Musameh, Thomas Rüther, Anand I. Bhatt, Anthony F. Hollenkamp and\u003c\/i\u003e \u003ci\u003eAdam S. Best\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 The Case for Better Batteries 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Li–S Battery: Origins and Principles 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Solubility of Species and Electrochemistry 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Liquid Electrolyte Solutions 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Modified Liquid Electrolyte Solutions 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Variation in Electrolyte Salt Concentration 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Mixed Organic–Ionic Liquid Electrolyte Solutions 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Ionic Liquid Electrolyte Solutions 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Solid and Solidified Electrolyte Configurations 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Polymer Electrolytes 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1.1 Absorbed Liquid\/Gelled Electrolyte 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1.2 Solid Polymer Electrolytes 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Non-polymer Solid Electrolytes 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Challenges of the Cathode and Solvent for Device Engineering 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 The Cathode Loading Challenge 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Cathode Wetting Challenge 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Anode–Electrolyte Interface 121\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMark Wild\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 SEI Formation 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Anode Morphology 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Polysulfide Shuttle 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Electrolyte Additives for Stable SEI Formation 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Barrier Layers on the Anode 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 A Systemic Approach 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Mechanisms 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Molecular Level Understanding of the Interactions Between Reaction Intermediates of Li–S Energy\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eStorage Systems and Ether Solvents 133\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajeev S. Assary and Larry A. Curtiss\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Computational Details 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Results and Discussions 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Reactivity of Li–S Intermediates with Dimethoxy Ethane (DME) 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Kinetic Stability of Ethers in the Presence of Lithium Polysulfide 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Linear Fluorinated Ethers 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Summary and Conclusions 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Lithium Sulfide 147\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSylwia Walu´s\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Li2S as the End Discharge Product 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 General 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Discharge Product: Li2S or Li2S2\/Li2S? 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 A Survey of Experimental andTheoretical Findings Involving Li2S and Li2S2 Formation and Proposed Reduction Pathways 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Mechanistic Insight into Li2S\/Li2S2 Nucleation and Growth 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Strategies to Limit Li2S Precipitation and Enhance the Capacity 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 Charge Mechanism and its Difficulties 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Li2S-Based Cathodes: Toward a Li Ion System 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 General 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Initial Activation of Li2S – Mechanism of First Charge 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Recent Developments in Li2S Cathodes for Improved Performances 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Summary 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Degradation in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 185\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajlakshmi Purkayastha\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Degradation Processes Within a Lithium–Sulfur Cell 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Degradation at Cathode 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Degradation at Anode 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Degradation in Electrolyte 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Degradation Due to Operating Conditions: Temperature, C-Rates, and Pressure 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Degradation Due to Geometry: Scale-Up and Topology 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Capacity Fade Models 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Dendrite Models 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Network Models 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Methods of Detecting and Measuring Degradation 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Incremental Capacity Analysis 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Differential Thermal Voltammetry 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Resistance Curves 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Macroscopic Indicators 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Methods for Countering Degradation 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Future Direction 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Modeling 227\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Lithium–Sulfur Model Development 229\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTeng Zhang, Monica Marinescu and Gregory J. Offer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Zero-Dimensional Model 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Model Formulation 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.1 Electrochemical Reactions 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.2 Shuttle and Precipitation 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.3 Time Evolution of Species 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.4 Model Implementation 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Basic Charge\/Discharge Behaviors 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Modeling Voltage Loss in Li–S Cells 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Electrolyte Resistance 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Anode Potential 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Surface Passivation 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Transport Limitation 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Higher Dimensional Models 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 One-Dimensional Models 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Multi-Scale Models 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Summary 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Battery Management Systems – State Estimation for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 249\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDaniel J. Auger, Abbas Fotouhi, Karsten Propp and Stefano Longo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Motivation 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Capacity 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 State of Charge (SoC) 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 State of Health (SoH) 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Limitations of Existing Battery State Estimation Techniques 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4.1 SoC Estimation from “Coulomb Counting” 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4.2 SoC Estimation from Open-Circuit Voltage (OCV) 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.5 Direction of Current Work 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Experimental Environment for Li–S Algorithm Development 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Pulse Discharge Tests 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Driving Cycle Tests 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 State Estimation Techniques from Control Theory 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Electrochemical Models 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Network (ECN) Models 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Kalman Filters and Their Derivatives 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 State Estimation Techniques from Computer Science 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 ANFIS as a Modeling Tool 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Human Knowledge and Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 State-of-Charge Estimation Using ANFIS 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Conclusions and Further Directions 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Application 273\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Commercial Markets for Li–S 275\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMark Crittenden\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Technology Strengths Meet Market Needs 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Weight 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Safety 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Cost 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Temperature Tolerance 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.5 Shipment and Storage 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.6 Power Characteristics 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.7 Environmentally Friendly Technology (Clean Tech) 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.8 Pressure Tolerance 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.9 Control 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Electric Aircraft 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Satellites 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Cars 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Buses 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Trucks 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Electric Scooter and Electric Bikes 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Marine 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Energy Storage 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Low-Temperature Applications 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Defense 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Looking Ahead 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Conclusion 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Battery Engineering 289\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGregory J. Offer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Mechanical Considerations 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Thermal and Electrical Considerations 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Case Study 293\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Brooks\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 A Potted History of Eternal Solar Flight 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Why Has It Been So Difficult? 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Objectives of HALE UAV 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Stay Above the Cloud 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Stay Above the Wind 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Stay in the Sun 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Year-Round Markets 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Seasonal Markets 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.6 How Valuable Are These Markets and What Does That Mean for the Battery? 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Worked Example – HALE UAV 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Cells, Batteries, and Real Life 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Cycle Life, Charge, and Discharge Rates 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Payload 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Avionics 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4 Temperature 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5 End-of-Life Performance 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.6 Protection 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.7 Balancing – Useful Capacity 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.8 Summary of Real-World Issues 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 A Quick Aside on Regenerative Fuel Cells 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 So What Do We Need from Our Battery Suppliers? 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 The Challenges for Battery Developers 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 The Answer to the Title 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Summary 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDR. MARK WILD\u003c\/b\u003e is Senior Production Manager at OXIS Energy, leading a diverse team manufacturing electrolytes and electrodes for Lithium Sulfur pouch cells, but involved in all aspects of developing this new technology. OXIS Energy is a UK SME devoted to the global commercialization of Lithium–Sulfur batteries.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDR. GREGORY J. OFFER\u003c\/b\u003e is Reader in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Imperial College London. He leads a group of researchers working on understanding and using electrochemical devices.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA GUIDE TO LITHIUM–SULFUR BATTERIES THAT EXPLORES THEIR MATERIALS, ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANISMS AND MODELLING, AND INCLUDES RECENT SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS\u003c\/b\u003e\t \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLithium–Sulfur Batteries\u003c\/i\u003e offers a comprehensive examination of Lithium–Sulfur (Li-S) batteries from the viewpoint of the materials used in their construction, the underlying electrochemical mechanisms and how this translates into the characteristics of Li-S batteries. The authors – noted experts in the field – outline the approaches and techniques required to model Li-S batteries. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLithium–Sulfur Batteries\u003c\/i\u003e reviews the application of Li-S batteries for commercial use and explores many broader issues including the development of battery management systems to control the unique characteristics of Li-S batteries. The authors include information on sulfur cathodes, electrolytes and other components used in making Li-S batteries and examine the role of lithium sulfide, the shuttle mechanism and its effects, and degradation mechanisms. The book contains a review of battery design and: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscusses electrochemistry of Li-S batteries and the analytical techniques used    to study Li-S batteries\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eOffers information on the application of Li-S batteries for commercial use\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDistills years of research on Li-S batteries into one comprehensive volume\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes contributions from many leading scientists in the field of Li-S batteries\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplores the potential of Li-S batteries to power larger battery applications such    as automobiles, aviation and space vehicles\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten for academic researchers, industrial scientists and engineers with an interest in the research, development, manufacture and application of next generation battery technologies, \u003ci\u003eLithium–Sulfur Batteries\u003c\/i\u003e is an essential resource for accessing information on the construction and application of Li-S batteries.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989536784613,"sku":"NP9781119297864","price":164.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119297864.jpg?v=1761784505","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/lithium-sulfur-batteries-isbn-9781119297864","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}