{"product_id":"life-in-the-open-ocean-isbn-9781405145299","title":"Life in the Open Ocean","description":"\u003cb\u003eLife in the Open Ocean\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLife in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species\u003c\/i\u003e provides in-depth coverage of the different marine animal groups that form the communities inhabiting the ocean’s pelagic realm. This comprehensive resource explores the physical environment, foraging strategies, energetics, locomotion, sensory mechanisms, global and vertical distributions, special adaptations, and other characteristics of a wide array of marine taxa.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBringing together the most recent information available in a single volume, authors Joseph J. Torres and Thomas G. Bailey cover the Cnidaria (stinging jellies), the ctenophores (comb jellies), pelagic nemerteans, pelagic annelids, crustaceans, cephalopods and pelagic gastropods, invertebrate chordates, as well as micronektonic and larger fishes such as sharks, tunas, mackerels, and mahi-mahi. Detailed chapters on each pelagic group describe internal and external anatomy, classification and history, feeding and digestion, bioluminescent systems and their function, reproduction and development, respiration, excretion, nervous systems, and more. The first book of its kind to address all of the major animal groups comprising both the swimmers and drifters of the open sea, this important resource: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExplains how different animals have adapted to live in the open-ocean environment\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers all sensory mechanisms of animals living in the pelagic habitat, including photoreception, mechanoreception, and chemoreception \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTreats the diverse micronekton assemblage as a community\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes a thorough introduction to the physical oceanography and properties of water in the pelagic realm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLife in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species\u003c\/i\u003e is an excellent senior-level undergraduate and graduate textbook for courses in biology and biological oceanography, and a valuable reference for all those with interest in open-ocean biology. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xviii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xx\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Physics and the Physical Environment 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Vastness of the Open Ocean 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Properties of Water 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViscosity 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReynolds Number 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrag 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Oceans and Ocean Basins 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOcean Circulation 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Currents: Ocean Gyres and Geostrophic Flow 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOcean Gyres and Geostrophic Flow 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpwelling 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeep-Ocean Circulation 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Masses 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSound 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsorption and Scattering 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional Depth Zones in the Ocean 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcluding Thoughts 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Physiological Accommodation to Environmental Challenges 36\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature Effects on Survival: The Tolerance Polygon 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature Effects on Rate Processes – The Q\u003csub\u003e10\u003c\/sub\u003e Approximation 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatterns of Thermal Acclimation 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimatic Adaptation in Ectotherms 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature Compensation via Changes in Enzyme Concentration: The Quantitative Strategy for Short-term Change 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompensation via Changes in Enzyme Quality – Isozymes, Allozymes, and Temperature Adaptation 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Properties of Enzymes Can Be Changed? 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipids and Temperature 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Membrane Primer 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Work 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLater Work 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhole Animal Work 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Pressure 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure and Membranes 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeverity of Oxygen Minima, “Dead Zones,” and the Intertidal 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptations to Oxygen Minima 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Aerobic Strategy 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalinity 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepth 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcluding Thoughts 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Cnidaria 89\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification Schemes 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhylum Cnidaria 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubphylum Medusozoa 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubphylum Anthozoa 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubphylum Myxozoa 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hydromedusae 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphology Basics 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphological Detail and Life Histories 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Scyphomedusae 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Characteristics 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphological Detail and Life Histories 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoronatae 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemaeostomae 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhizostomae 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cubomedusae 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForaging Strategies 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Considerations 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cnidae 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenoms 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction with Prey 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Interception 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncounter Zone 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Model 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwimming and Hunting Behavior 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Flow and Swimming 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttraction Between Predator and Prey 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiets, Feeding Rates, and Impacts on Prey Populations 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRogue Hydroids: Predatory Polyps in the Midwater 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding in the Cubomedusae 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocomotion 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mesoglea 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerve Nets and Nervous Control of Swimming 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenses and Sensory Mechanisms 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Siphonophores 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology and Affinities of Siphonophore “Persons” 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhole Animal Organization 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife Histories 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Siphonophore Conundrum 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishing Behavior 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestion 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiets and Selectivity 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological Importance 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocomotion 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuoyancy 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical Distribution 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiurnal Vertical Migration 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographical Distribution 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganization and Sensory Mechanisms 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpithelial Conduction vs. Neural Conduction 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cnidaria Formerly Known as Chondrophora 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the Chondrophoran Medusa 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution Within the Chondrophora 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding in the Chondrophora 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocomotion 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 The Ctenophora 159\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification Schemes 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCtenophore Basics 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphology 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCydippida 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLobata 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCestida 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeroida 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatyctenida 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGaneshida 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThalassocalycida 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForaging Strategies 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Considerations 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction with Prey 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cydippids 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Lobates 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cestids 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Beroids 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Platyctenids 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ganeshids 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Thalassocalycids 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecialists 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiet, Feeding Rates, and Impacts on Prey Populations 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCtenophores as Invasive Species 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestion 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerves and Sense Organs: Coordination and Conduction 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocomotion 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCtenophores and Evolution 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Nemertea 192\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf Germ Layers and Body Cavities 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrostatic Skeletons 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphology 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProboscis Apparatus 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pelagic Body Form and Locomotion 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColor 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNervous System 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSense Organs 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCirculatory System 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcretory System 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestive System 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproduction 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForaging Strategies 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical and Geographic Distributions 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 The Annelida 219\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhylum Annelida 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Polychaeta 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubclass Echiura 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubclass Errantia 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Clitellata 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubclass Oligochaeta 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubclass Hirudinea 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pelagic Polychaetes 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolychaete Subclass Errantia 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrder Phyllodocida 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolychaete Subclass Sedentaria 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrder Terebellida 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphology 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal Anatomy 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Head Region 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Trunk or Metastomial Region 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal Anatomy 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcretory System 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePelagic Species 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nervous System 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSense Organs 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCirculatory System 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePelagic Species 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas Exchange 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePelagic Species 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestive System 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpitoky 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynchronicity 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pelagic Species 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTomopteris 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlciopini and Lopadorrynchidae 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocomotion 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForaging Strategies 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hunters 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiets 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Suspension Feeders 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoeobiidae, Chaetopteridae 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistributions 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographical 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioluminescence 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 The Crustacea 273\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArthropod Classification 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubphylum Crustacea 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubphylum Hexapoda 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubphylum Myriapoda 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubphylum Chelicerata 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanarthropoda Phyla 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhylum Onychophora 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhylum Tardigrada 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynopsis of Universal Arthropod Characteristics 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Crustacea 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubphylum Crustacea 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Remipedia 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Cephalocarida 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Branchiopoda 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Copepoda 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Thecostraca 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Tantulocarida 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Mystacocarida 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Branchiura 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Pentastomida 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Ostracoda 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Malacostraca 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubclass Phyllocarida 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubclass Hoplocarida 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubclass Eumalacostraca 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrustacean Systems 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegument and Molting 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegument 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolting 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoints and Appendages 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoints 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendages 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcretory System 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtra-renal Mechanisms 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow the System Works 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen Excretion 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nervous System and Sensory Mechanisms 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Central Nervous System 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensory Modalities 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotoreception 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanoreception 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemoreception 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCirculatory and Respiratory Systems 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCirculation and Oxygen Transport in the Blood: Hemocyanin 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestive System 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Development 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Micronektonic Crustacea 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pelagic Eucarida 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrder Euphausiacea 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological Factors 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrder Decapoda 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfraorder Anomura; Superfamily Galatheoidea; Family Munididae; Genera Pleuroncodes, Munida, and Cervimunida 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrder Amphionidacea 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuperorder Peracarida 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrders Lophogastrida and Mysida 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrder Amphipoda 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCameo Players 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 The Mollusca 439\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pelagic Molluscs 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhylum Mollusca 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Caudofoveata 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Solenogastres 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Monoplacophora 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Polyplacophora 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Scaphopoda 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Bivalvia 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Gastropoda 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Cephalopoda 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody Organization 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Gastropoda 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Gastropoda 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification Below Subclass Given for Pelagic Species Only 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastropod Systems and Structures 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Digestive Tract 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCirculation 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiration 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcretion 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell Formation 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nervous System 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensory Mechanisms 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pelagic Gastropods: Anatomy and Habits 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Janthinid Snails 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Heteropods 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pteropods 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrder Pteropoda 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nudibranchs 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cephalopoda 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Anatomy of the Major Cephalopod Groups 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nautilida 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sepiida and Spirulida 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Myopsida and Oegopsida 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Octopodiformes 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCephalopod Systems 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding and Digestion 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCirculation 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas Exchange 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcretion 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNervous System and Sensory Mechanisms 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocomotion and Buoyancy 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife Histories 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproduction and Development 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical Distribution and Migration 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic Distribution 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 The Chordata 603\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeuterostomes and the Phylogenetic Toolkit 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubphylum Tunicata 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Ascidiacea (2935) 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Appendicularia (68) 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Thaliacea (78) 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Anatomy and Life History 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ascidians 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pyrosomes 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Salps 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Doliolids 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Appendicularia 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Appendicularian House 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTunicate Systems 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocomotion and Buoyancy 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyrosomes 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalps 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoliolids 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendicularia 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNervous Systems and Sensory Mechanisms 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyrosomes 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoliolids 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalps 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendicularia 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas Exchange, Circulation, and Excretion 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrophic Role 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioluminescence 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredators, Parasites and Other Interactions 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic and Vertical Distributions 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 The Fishes 669\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Deep-Sea Groups 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Brief History of Fishes 674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Jawless Fishes 674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Jawed Fishes 676\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeleosts 676\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElasmobranchs 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHolocephali 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Classes of Living Fishes 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Myxini 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Petromyzonti 679\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Elasmobranchii 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Holocephali 691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Coelacanthi 693\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Dipneusti 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Cladistii 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass Actinopterygii 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubclass Chondrostei 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubclass Holostei 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubclass Teleostei 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish Systems 758\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Anatomy 758\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal Features and Terms 758\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkull and Skeleton 758\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding and Digestion 760\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood Acquisition, the Three Dominant Modes: Ramming, Sucking, and Biting 760\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood Sorting: The “Pharyngeal Jaws” 764\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestion: The Alimentary Canal 765\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCirculation, Respiration, and Excretion 767\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCirculation 767\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas-Exchange in the Teleosts and Elasmobranchs 771\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnidirectional Flow and Countercurrent Exchange: Maximizing the Concentration Gradient 774\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood and Oxygen at the Respiratory Surface 775\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Transport–Far Different from O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 780\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Bohr and Haldane Effects 781\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecretion of Gases into the Swimbladder of Fishes 782\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen Excretion 785\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOsmotic and Ionic Regulation 785\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 785\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOsmosis and Diffusion 787\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gills 790\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEsophagus 791\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStomach 793\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntestine 793\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocomotion 793\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMusculature 793\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed and White Muscle 795\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrag and Swimming Costs 796\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum Swim Speeds 797\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndothermy 799\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWarm-Brained Billfishes 799\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwimming in Mesopelagic Fishes 801\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuoyancy 801\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nervous System 804\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy and Basics 804\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Brain 806\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCranial Nerves 807\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensory Mechanisms 809\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensory Modalities 809\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotoreception 811\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanoreception 815\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Inner Ear and Sound Reception 818\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectroreception 820\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemoreception: Olfaction and Gustation 822\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCamouflage, Bioluminescence, Photophores 824\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCamouflage 824\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioluminescence and Photophores 824\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 829\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Communities 845\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 845\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Gulf of Mexico 846\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Northern California Current 847\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Antarctic 852\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem Comparisons 858\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Decapods and Mysids 876\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Euphausiids 881\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Myctophids 882\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-myctophid Fishes 883\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cephalopods 884\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGelatinous Zooplankton and Amphipods 885\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcluding Observations 887\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and Biological Factors that Change 887\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Annual Temperature 887\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeasonal Cycling 887\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual Production 887\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent Patterns 887\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 888\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Energetics 893\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 893\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Model Energy Budget 894\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestibility of Biomolecules 896\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy Value of Biomolecules 897\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring Metabolic Rate 898\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen Consumption Rate-Modifying Factors 898\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivity 899\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental Protocol 900\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoutine Metabolic Rate 900\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal Size as a Modifier of Metabolism 901\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife History Strategies 902\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolism and Composition of Pelagic Species 914\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolism of Euphausiids, Decapods, Mysids, and Amphipods 929\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProximate Composition of Pelagic Decapods, Mysids, and Euphausiids 930\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 931\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrends with Depth of Occurrence 931\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeasonal Changes 932\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrends Across Systems 932\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolism of Mesopelagic Fishes 933\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProximate Composition of Pelagic Fishes 934\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrends with Depth of Occurrence 934\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrends Across Systems 934\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy and Life History in the Midwater Fauna 935\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidwater Fishes 936\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cephalopods 938\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePteropods, Nemerteans, Annelids, Salps, and Pyrosomes 938\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cnidaria and Ctenophora 939\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 939\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 940\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A Classification of the Chordata 945\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 959\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 963\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJoseph J. Torres\u003c\/b\u003e is Emeritus Professor of Marine Science, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL, USA. He is an internationally-renowned marine biologist with research interests in the physiological ecology of the deep- and open-oceanic realms.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThomas G. Bailey\u003c\/b\u003e is retired director of NOAA’s Caribbean Marine Research Center following a long career in deep-ocean science at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution as head of the Department of Zooplankton Ecology. He is a highly respected in-situ marine scientist known for innovative techniques in capturing and experimenting with delicate sea creatures at great depth.    \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLife in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species\u003c\/i\u003e provides in-depth coverage of the different marine animal groups that form the communities inhabiting the ocean’s pelagic realm. This comprehensive resource explores the physical environment, foraging strategies, energetics, locomotion, sensory mechanisms, global and vertical distributions, special adaptations, and other characteristics of a wide array of marine taxa. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBringing together the most recent information available in a single volume, authors Joseph J. Torres and Thomas G. Bailey cover the Cnidaria (stinging jellies), the ctenophores (comb jellies), pelagic nemerteans, pelagic annelids, crustaceans, cephalopods and pelagic gastropods, invertebrate chordates, as well as micronektonic and larger fishes such as sharks, tunas, mackerels, and mahi-mahi. Detailed chapters on each pelagic group describe internal and external anatomy, classification and history, feeding and digestion, bioluminescent systems and their function, reproduction and development, respiration, excretion, nervous systems, and more. The first book of its kind to address all of the major animal groups comprising both the swimmers and drifters of the open sea, this important resource: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExplains how different animals have adapted to live in the open-ocean environment\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers all sensory mechanisms of animals living in the pelagic habitat, including photoreception, mechanoreception, and chemoreception \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTreats the diverse micronekton assemblage as a community\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes a thorough introduction to the physical oceanography and properties of water in the pelagic realm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLife in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species\u003c\/i\u003e is an excellent senior-level undergraduate and graduate textbook for courses in biology and biological oceanography, and a valuable reference for all those with interest in open-ocean biology.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989528264933,"sku":"NP9781405145299","price":92.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781405145299.jpg?v=1761784472","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/life-in-the-open-ocean-isbn-9781405145299","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}