{"product_id":"isotopes-isbn-9780471384373","title":"Isotopes","description":"Covering radiogenic, radioactive, and stable isotopes, this comprehensive text contains five sections that present fundamentals of atomic physics; dating methods for terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks by means of radiogenic isotopes; geochemistry of radiogenic isotopes; dating by means of U, Th-series and cosmogenic radionuclides; and the fractionation of the stable isotopes of H, C, N, O, and S, as well as Li, B, Si, and Cl. Additionally, this edition provides:  \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eExpanded coverage of the U-Pb methods –the most accurate available dating technique\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eApplications to the petrogenesis of igneous rocks\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSummaries of the use of isotopic data for study of the oceans\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNew examples from the fields of archeology and anthropology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eRadiation-damage methods of dating including fission tracks, thermoluminescence, and electron spin resonance (ESR)\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eInformation on the dispersal of fission-product radionuclides and the disposal of radioactive waste\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExtensive chapter-by-chapter problems and solutions\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Principles of Atomic Physics 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Nuclear Systematics 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Internal Structure of Atoms 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Origin of the Elements 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Summary 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Decay Modes of Radionuclides 15\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Beta-Decay 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Alpha-Decay 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Spontaneous and Induced Fission 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Summary 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Radioactive Decay 34\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Law of Radioactivity 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Radiation Detectors 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Growth of Radioactive Daughters 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Units of Radioactivity and Dosage 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Medical Effects of Ionizing Radiation 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Sources of Environmental Radioactivity 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Nuclear Reactions 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Neutron Activation Analysis 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Summary 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Geochronometry 55\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Growth of Radiogenic Daughters 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Assumptions for Dating 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Fitting of Isochrons 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Mass Spectrometry and Isotope Dilution 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Summary 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Radiogenic Isotope Geochronometers 73\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Rb–Sr Method 75\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Geochemistry of Rb and Sr 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Principles of Dating 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Rb–Sr Isochrons 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Dating Metamorphic Rocks 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Dating Sedimentary Rocks 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Summary 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 The K–Ar Method 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Principles and Methodology 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Retention of \u003csup\u003e40\u003c\/sup\u003eAr by Minerals 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 K–Ar Isochrons 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Volcanic Rocks of Tertiary Age 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Dating Sedimentary Rocks 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Metamorphic Veil 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Precambrian Timescales 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Summary 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 The \u003csup\u003e40\u003c\/sup\u003eAr*\/ \u003csup\u003e39\u003c\/sup\u003eAr Method 144\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Principles and Methodology 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Incremental Heating Technique 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Excess \u003csup\u003e40\u003c\/sup\u003eAr 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Argon Isotope Correlation Diagram 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Laser Ablation 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Sedimentary Rocks 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Metasedimentary Rocks 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Metamorphic Rocks: Broken Hill, N.S.W., Australia 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Thermochronometry: Haliburton Highlands, Ontario, Canada 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Summary 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 The K–Ca Method 180\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Principles and Methodology 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Isotope Geochemistry of Calcium 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Summary 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 The Sm–Nd Method 194\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Geochemistry of Sm and Nd 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Principles and Methodology 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Dating by the Sm–Nd Method 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Meteorites and Martian Rocks 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Lunar Rocks 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Summary 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 The U–Pb, Th–Pb, and Pb–Pb Methods 214\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Geochemistry of U and Th 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Decay of U and Th Isotopes 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Principles and Methodology 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 U,Th–Pb Dates, Boulder Creek Batholith, Colorado 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Wetherill’s Concordia 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Alternative Pb Loss Models 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Refinements in Analytical Methods 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Dating Detrital Zircon Grains 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Tera–Wasserburg Concordia 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 U–Pb, Th–Pb, and Pb–Pb Isochrons (Granite Mountains, Wyoming) 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Pb–Pb Dating of Carbonate Rocks 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 U–Pb and Th–Pb Isochrons of Carbonate Rocks 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Summary 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 The Common-Lead Method 256\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 The Holmes–Houtermans Model 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Dating Common Lead 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Dating K-Feldspar 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Anomalous Leads in Galena 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Lead–Zinc Deposits, Southeastern Missouri 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Multistage Leads 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Summary 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 The Lu–Hf Method 284\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Geochemistry of Lu and Hf 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Principles and Methodology 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 CHUR and Epsilon 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Model Hf Dates Derived from CHUR 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Applications of Lu–Hf Dating 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Summary 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 The Re–Os Method 297\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Rhenium and Osmium in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Rocks 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Principles and Methodology 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Molybdenite and \u003csup\u003e187\u003c\/sup\u003eRe–\u003csup\u003e187\u003c\/sup\u003eOs Isochrons 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Meteorites and CHUR-Os 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 The Cu–Ni Sulfide Ores, Noril’sk, Siberia 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Origin of Other Sulfide Ore Deposits 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Metallic PGE Minerals 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Gold Deposits of the Witwatersrand, South Africa 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 The Pt–Os Method 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Summary 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 The La–Ce Method 322\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Geochemistry of La and Ce 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Principles and Methodology 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 La–Ce Isochrons 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Meteorites and CHUR-Ce 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Volcanic Rocks 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Cerium in the Oceans 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Summary 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 The La–Ba Method 340\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Geochemistry of La and Ba 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Principles and Methodology 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Amitsoq Gneiss, West Greenland 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Mustikkamaki Pegmatite, Finland 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Summary 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Geochemistry of Radiogenic Isotopes 345\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Mixing Theory 347\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Chemical Compositions of Mixtures 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Isotopic Mixtures of Sr 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Isotopic Mixtures of Sr and Nd 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Three-Component Isotopic Mixtures 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Applications 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Summary 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Origin of Igneous Rocks 363\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 The Plume Theory 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Magma Sources in the Mantle 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Midocean Ridge Basalt 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Basalt and Rhyolite of Iceland 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 The Hawaiian Islands 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 HIMU Magma Sources of Polynesia 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Subduction Zones 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Continental Flood Basalt 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 Alkali-Rich Lavas 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.10 Origin of Granite 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.11 Summary 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Water and Sediment 412\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Strontium in Streams 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Sediment in Streams 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Zaire and Amazon Rivers 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Summary 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 The Oceans 436\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Strontium in the Phanerozoic Oceans 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Strontium in the Precambrian Oceans 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Neodymium in the Oceans 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Lead in the Oceans 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Osmium in Continental Runoff 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Osmium in the Oceans 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Hafnium in the Oceans 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Summary 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Short-Lived Radionuclides 495\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Uranium\/Thorium-Series Disequilibria 497\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 \u003csup\u003e238\u003c\/sup\u003eU\/\u003csup\u003e234\u003c\/sup\u003eU–\u003csup\u003e230\u003c\/sup\u003eTh-Series Geochronometers 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Radium 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Protactinium 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Lead-210 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Archeology and Anthropology 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Volcanic Rocks 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Magma Formation 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8 Summary 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Helium and Tritium 546\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 U–Th\/He Method of Dating 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Thermochronometry 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 He Dating of Iron-Ore Deposits 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Tritium–\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003eHe Dating 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Meteorites and Oceanic Basalt 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Continental Crust 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 Summary 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Radiation-Damage Methods 577\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Alpha-Decay 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Fission Tracks 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Applications of Fission-Track Dates 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Thermoluminescence 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Electron-Spin Resonance 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Summary 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 613\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Carbon-14 (Radiocarbon) 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Beryllium-10 and Aluminum-26 (Atmospheric) 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Exposure Dating (\u003csup\u003e10\u003c\/sup\u003eBe and \u003csup\u003e26\u003c\/sup\u003eAl) 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Cosmogenic and Thermonuclear \u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003eCl 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Meteorites 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Other Long-Lived Cosmogenic Radionuclides 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Summary 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Extinct Radionuclides 654\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 The Pd–Ag Chronometer 655\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 The Al–Mg Chronometer 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 The Hf–W Chronometer 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 FUN in the Solar Nebula 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Summary 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Thermonuclear Radionuclides 667\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Fission Products and Transuranium Elements 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Strontium-90 in the Environment 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Cesium-137 in the Environment 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Arctic Ocean: \u003csup\u003e90\u003c\/sup\u003eSr\/\u003csup\u003e137\u003c\/sup\u003eCs, \u003csup\u003e239\u003ci\u003e,\u003c\/i\u003e240\u003c\/sup\u003ePu, and \u003csup\u003e241\u003c\/sup\u003eAm 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Summary 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V Fractionation of Stable Isotopes 691\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Hydrogen and Oxygen 693\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Atomic Properties 693\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Mathematical Relations 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Meteoric Precipitation 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Paleothermometry (Carbonates) 704\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Silicate Minerals and Rocks 709\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 Water–Rock Interactions (Rocks) 714\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7 Water–Rock Interactions (Water) 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8 Clay Minerals 725\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9 Marine Carbonates 727\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.10 Marine Phosphates 730\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.11 Biogenic Silica and Hydroxides of Fe and Al 735\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.12 Chert (Phanerozoic and Precambrian) 736\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.13 Extraterrestrial Rocks 738\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.14 Summary 743\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 744\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Carbon 753\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Biosphere 754\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Life in the Precambrian Oceans 757\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Fossil Fuel 761\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Carbon-Isotope Stratigraphy (Phanerozoic) 763\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Precambrian Carbonates 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 774\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7 Extraterrestrial Carbon 785\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8 Search for Life on Mars 790\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9 Summary 792\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 793\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Nitrogen 803\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Geochemistry 803\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Isotope Fractionation 805\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Nitrogen on the Surface of the Earth 806\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Fossil Fuels 808\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Igneous Rocks and the Mantle 811\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 Ultramafic Xenoliths 812\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7 Diamonds 813\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8 Meteorites 815\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9 Moon 817\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.10 Mars 818\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.11 Summary 820\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 820\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 Sulfur 824\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Isotope Geochemistry 824\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 Biogenic Isotope Fractionation 825\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 Sulfur in Recent Sediment 827\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 Fossil Fuels 828\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5 Native Sulfur Deposits 830\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6 Sedimentary Rocks of Precambrian Age 831\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7 Isotopic Evolution of Marine Sulfate 833\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8 Igneous Rocks 835\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9 Sulfide Ore Deposits 840\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.10 Sulfur in the Environment 843\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.11 Mass-Independent Isotope Fractionation 846\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.12 Summary 847\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 849\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 Boron and Other Elements 854\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 Boron 855\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 Lithium 859\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3 Silicon 863\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4 Chlorine 868\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5 Postscript 870\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 870\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 875\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Geological Timescale (2002) 897\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cb\u003eGUNTER FAURE\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Geological Sciences at The Ohio State University.  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTERESA M. MENSING\u003c\/b\u003e is associate professor in the Department of Geological Sciences at The Ohio State University at Marion.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cb\u003eThe leading textbook and professional resource on isotope geochemistry–completely updated and expanded\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003cp\u003eSince its initial publication as Principles of Isotope Geology in 1977, this has been the most widely used comprehensive textbook in upper-level isotope geochemistry courses. Now in its Third Edition, Isotopes: Principles and Applications has been thoroughly updated, rewritten, reorganized, and expanded to include more than twice the content of its predecessor.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCovering radiogenic, radioactive, and stable isotopes, this volume consists of five units that present fundamentals of atomic physics; dating methods for terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks by means of radiogenic isotopes; geochemistry of radiogenic isotopes; dating by means of U, Th-series and cosmogenic radionuclides; and the fractionation of the stable isotopes of H, C, N, O, and S, as well as Li, B, Si, and Cl. Additionally, this edition provides:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eExpanded coverage of the U-Pb methods –the most accurate available dating technique\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eApplications to the petrogenesis of igneous rocks\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSummaries of the use of isotopic data for study of the oceans\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNew examples from the fields of archeology and anthropology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eRadiation-damage methods of dating including fission tracks, thermoluminescence, and electron spin resonance (ESR)\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eInformation on the dispersal of fission-product radionuclides and the disposal of radioactive waste\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExtensive chapter-by-chapter problems and solutions\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplemented with summaries and references in each chapter, as well as more than 450 drawings and 100 tables, this volume remains the leading resource in isotope geoscience. Broad applications in many other areas –including geochemistry, geology, meteoritics, physics, chemistry, and biology –make it indispensable throughout the natural sciences.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989482553573,"sku":"NP9780471384373","price":210.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780471384373.jpg?v=1761784280","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/isotopes-isbn-9780471384373","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}