Individual and Collective Memory Consolidation

An argument that individuals and collectives form memories by analogous processes and a case study of collective retrograde amnesia.

We form individual memories by a process known as consolidation: the conversion of immediate and fleeting bits of information into a stable and accessible representation of facts and events. These memories provide a version of the past that helps us navigate the present and is critical to individual identity. In this book, Thomas Anastasio, Kristen Ann Ehrenberger, Patrick Watson, and Wenyi Zhang propose that social groups form collective memories by analogous processes. Using facts and insights from neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, and history, they describe a single process of consolidation with analogous—not merely comparable—manifestations on any level, whether brain, family, or society. They propose a three-in-one model of memory consolidation, composed of a buffer, a relator, and a generalizer, all within the consolidating entity, that can explain memory consolidation phenomena on individual and collective levels.
 
When consolidation is disrupted by traumatic injury to a brain structure known as the hippocampus, memories in the process of being consolidated are lost. In individuals, this is known as retrograde amnesia. The authors hypothesize a "social hippocampus" and argue that disruption at the collective level can result in collective retrograde amnesia. They offer the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) as an example of trauma to the social hippocampus and present evidence for the loss of recent collective memory in mainland Chinese populations that experienced the Cultural Revolution.Preface vii
 Acknowledgments xi
 1 Introduction 1
 I Types of Memory 15
 2 Individual Memory and Forgetting 17
 3 Defining Collective Memory 41
 4 Three-in-One Model of Memory Consolidation 61
 II The Memory Consolidation Process 81
 5 Buffering and Attention 83
 6 Selection and Relationality 105
 7 Generalization and Specialization 127
 8 Influence of the Consolidating Entity 161
 III Disruption of Consolidation 179
 9 Collective Retrograde Amnesia 181
 10 Persistence of Consolidated Collective Memory 203
 11 Loss of Unconsolidated Collective Memory 227
 12 Conclusions 245
 References 267
 Index 299Thomas J. Anastasio is Associate Professor in the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and member of the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Kristen Ann Ehrenberger is an M.D./Ph.D. candidate in History at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Patrick Watson is a Ph.D. candidate in Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Wenyi Zhang is a Ph.D. candidate in Anthropology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.