{"product_id":"impact-cratering-isbn-9781405198295","title":"Impact Cratering","description":"\u003cp\u003eImpact cratering is arguably the most ubiquitous geological process in the Solar System. It has played an important role in Earth’s history, shaping the geological landscape, affecting the evolution of life, and generating economic resources. However, it was only in the latter half of the 20th century that the importance of impact cratering as a geological process was recognized and only during the past couple of decades that the study of meteorite impact structures has moved into the mainstream. This book seeks to fill a critical gap in the literature by providing an overview text covering broad aspects of the impact cratering process and aimed at graduate students, professionals and researchers alike. It introduces readers to the threat and nature of impactors, the impact cratering process, the products, and the effects – both destructive and beneficial. A series of chapters on the various techniques used to study impact craters provide a foundation for anyone studying impact craters for the first time.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of contributors xii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Impact cratering: processes and products 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGordon R. Osinski and Elisabetta Pierazzo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Formation of hypervelocity impact craters 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Morphology and morphometry of impact craters 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Impactites 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Recognition of impact craters 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Destructive effects of impact events 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Benefi cial effects of impact events 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 When a crater does not exist: other evidence for impact events 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Concluding remarks 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Population of impactors and the impact cratering rate in the inner Solar System 21\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePatrick Michel and Alessandro Morbidelli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Population of impactors in the inner Solar System 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Impact frequency of NEOs with the Earth 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Comparison with the impact record on terrestrial planets 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Variability of the impact frequency during the last 3 Ga 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 The early cratering history of the Solar System 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Conclusions 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The contact and compression stage of impact cratering 32\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eH. Jay Melosh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Maximum pressures during contact and compression 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Jetting during contact and compression 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 The isobaric core 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Oblique impact 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 The end of contact and compression 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Excavation and impact ejecta emplacement 43\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGordon R. Osinski, Richard A. F. Grieve and Livio L. Tornabene\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Excavation 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Impact plume 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Generation of continuous ejecta blankets 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Rayed craters 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Generation of multiple ejecta layers 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Distal impact ejecta 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Depth of excavation 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The modification stage of crater formation 60\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas Kenkmann, Gareth S. Collins and Kai Wünnemann\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Morphology and morphometry of simple and complex impact craters 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Kinematics of crater collapse 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Subsurface structure of complex impact craters 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Mechanics of cavity collapse: what makes the target so weak? 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Effects of oblique impact incidences on cavity collapse 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Effects of rheologically complex targets on cavity modifi cation 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Impact-induced hydrothermal activity 76\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKalle Kirsimäe and Gordon R. Osinski\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Formation and development of the post-impact thermal field 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Composition and evolution of the hydrothermal fluids and mineralization 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Implications for extraterrestrial impacts and microbial life 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Impactites: their characteristics and spatial distribution 90\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRichard A. F. Grieve and Ann M. Therriault\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Autochthonous impactites 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Parautochthonous impactites 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Allochthonous impactites 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Concluding remarks 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Shock metamorphism 106\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLudovic Ferrière and Gordon R. Osinski\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Shock metamorphic features 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Post-shock thermal features 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Concluding remarks 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Impact melting 125\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGordon R. Osinski, Richard A. F. Grieve, Cassandra Marion and Anna Chanou\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Why impact melting occurs 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Terrestrial impact melt products 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Planetary impact melt products 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Impactor contamination 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Concluding remarks 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Environmental effects of impact events 146\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eElisabetta Pierazzo and H. Jay Melosh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 The impact hazard 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 The impact cratering process 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Shock wave effects 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Ejecta launch 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Long-term atmospheric perturbation 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 The response of the Earth system to large impacts 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Environmental impact effects favourable for life 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Concluding remarks 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 The geomicrobiology of impact structures 157\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCharles S. Cockell, Gordon R. Osinski and Mary A. Voytek\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Physical changes 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Chemical changes 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Impact events and weathering 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Impoverishment or enrichment? 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Astrobiological implications 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Concluding remarks 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Economic deposits at terrestrial impact structures 177\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRichard A. F. Grieve\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Progenetic deposits 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Syngenetic deposits 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Epigenetic deposits 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Hydrocarbon accumulations 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Concluding remarks 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Remote sensing of impact craters 194\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShawn P. Wright, Livio L. Tornabene and Michael S. Ramsey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Background 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Photogeology 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Morphometry, altimetry, topography 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Composition derived from remote sensing 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Physical properties derived from remote sensing 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 General spectral enhancement and mapping techniques 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Case studies 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Concluding remarks 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Geophysical studies of impact craters 211\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJoanna Morgan and Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Geophysical signature of terrestrial impacts 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 The resolution of geophysical data 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Modelling geophysical data 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Case studies 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Projectile identification in terrestrial impact structures and ejecta material 223\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSteven Goderis, François Paquay and Philippe Claeys\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Current situation: projectile identification at impact craters and ejecta layers 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Methodology 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Review of identified projectiles 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Concluding remarks 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 The geochronology of impact craters 240\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimon P. Kelley and Sarah C. Sherlock\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Techniques used for dating terrestrial impact craters 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Impact craters at the K–Pg boundary 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Geochronology of impacts, flood basalts and mass extinctions 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Using geochronology to identify clusters of impacts in the geological record 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Concluding remarks 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Numerical modelling of impact processes 254\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGareth S. Collins, Kai Wünnemann, Natalia Artemieva and Elisabetta Pierazzo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Fundamentals of impact models 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Material models 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Validation, verifi cation and benchmarking 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Concluding remarks 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Comparison of simple impact craters: a case study of Meteor and Lonar Craters 271\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHorton E. Newsom, Shawn P. Wright, Saumitra Misra and Justin J. Hagerty\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Meteor Crater, Arizona 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Lonar Crater 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Comparisons and planetary implications 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Summary and concluding remarks 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Comparison of mid-size terrestrial complex impact structures: a case study 290\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGordon R. Osinski and Richard A. F. Grieve\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Overview of craters 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Comparisons and implications 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Comparisons with lunar and Martian impact craters 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Concluding remarks 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Processes and products of impact cratering: glossary and definitions 306\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGordon R. Osinski\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 General definitions 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Morphometric definitions and equations 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Impactites 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 310\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\"I fully recommend this book to anyone interested in impacts and their geological influence.  Impact Cratering is first class, fascinating reading to the expert, I am sure, as well as the novice (like your reviewer), and destined to be the standard reference for years to come.\"  (\u003ci\u003eGeological Journal\u003c\/i\u003e, 4 April 2014)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“This book is now the single best starting point for anyone interested in almost any aspect of impact cratering.  Summing Up: Highly recommended.  Upper-division undergraduates and  above.”  (\u003ci\u003eChoice\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 November 2013)\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr Gordon \"Oz\" Osinski\u003c\/b\u003e is the NSERC\/MDA\/CSA Industrial Research Chair in Planetary Geology in the Departments of Earth Sciences and Physics and Astronomy at Western University, Canada. He holds a B.Sc. (Hons) First Class in Geology from the University of St. Andrews, Scotland (1999) and a Ph.D., also in Geology (2004), from the University of New Brunswick, Canada. His research covers the tectonics of impact crater formation, the generation of impact melts, emplacement of ejecta, and post-impact processes such as impact-associated hydrothermal activity. He has published more than 70 papers in peer-reviewed journals and special papers and has given over 60 conference presentations since 2001.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr Elisabetta Pierazzo\u003c\/b\u003e, who tragically died during the preparation of this book, was a Research Scientist at the Planetary Science Institute and an Adjunct Assistant Research Scientist at the Lunar \u0026amp; Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, both located in Tucson, Arizona. She held a Laurea in Physics from the University of Padua, Italy (1988) and a Ph.D. in Planetary Sciences from University of Arizona (1997). She was a world renowned expert on the numerical modelling of impact events, focusing on the environmental effects of impact events, oblique impacts, and impact melt production.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact cratering is arguably the most ubiquitous geological process in the Solar System. It has played an important role in Earth's history, shaping the geological landscape, affecting the evolution of life, and generating economic resources. However, it was only in the latter half of the 20th century that the importance of impact cratering as a geological process was recognized and only during the past couple of decades that the study of meteorite impact structures has moved into the mainstream. This book seeks to fill a critical gap in the literature by providing an overview text covering broad aspects of the impact cratering process and aimed at graduate students, professionals and researchers alike. It introduces readers to the threat and nature of impactors, the impact cratering process, the products, and the effects—both destructive and beneficial. A series of chapters on the various techniques used to study impact craters provide a foundation for anyone studying impact craters for the first time.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989404270821,"sku":"NP9781405198295","price":118.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781405198295.jpg?v=1761783979","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/impact-cratering-isbn-9781405198295","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}