{"product_id":"hydrogen-energy-isbn-9781394172269","title":"Hydrogen Energy","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnderstand hydrogen as an energy resource and its potential as a dynamic solution for a carbon-neutral economy\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHydrogen is an energy carrier that can be used to store, move, and deliver energy produced from other sources. It has the potential for high energy efficiency, significant environmental and social benefits, and economic competitiveness. Traditional energy resources will not be able to meet the growing energy demand, despite the advances in energy management and energy conservation—understanding how hydrogen energy can solve this problem is crucial. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHydrogen Energy: Principles and Applications\u003c\/i\u003e provides the information needed by energy resource planners, scientists, engineers, and government officials to make informed energy-related decisions. Divided into three parts, the book opens with an introduction to various energy issues, sources, and regulations, including the basics of thermodynamics and fuel cells. The second part addresses the practical aspects of hydrogen energy, such as availability, distribution, extraction, processing, purification, transportation, transmission, and storage. The final section details the economics, energy-environmental interactions, and ethical and political considerations of the development and use of hydrogen energy, including discussion of investment and business contacts, energy option analysis and optimization, and future prospects. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCovering the fundamentals of hydrogen energy with a thorough and accessible approach, the book: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eEquips readers with a well-rounded working knowledge of hydrogen energy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers the latest technological advances, economic considerations, and the role hydrogen plays in a renewable energy economy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eOffers a pragmatic, real-world perspective rather than focusing on theoretical issues\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eContains nearly 50 illustrative examples ranging from elementary thermodynamic calculations to optimization applications using linear programming\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHydrogen Energy: Principles and Applications\u003c\/i\u003e is a must-read for those working in the energy industry, particularly environmental engineering and science professionals, as well as government officials, policymakers, instructors, and trainers involved in energy-related fields. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Energy Overview 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Glossary of Key Energy Terms 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Importance of Energy Literacy 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Glossary 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Symbols and Acronyms 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Introduction to Energy and Energy Issues 48\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Early History of Energy 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Later History of Energy 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Energy “Emergencies” 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Net Energy Analysis 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Hydrogen as an Energy\/Fuel 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 The Future 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Energy Resources 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Coal 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Oil 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Natural Gas 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Shale Oil\/Tar Sands 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Shale Oil 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Tar Sands 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Solar Energy 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Passive Solar Lighting and Heating 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Solar Electricity Production 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Nuclear Energy 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Geothermal Energy 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Wind Energy 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Hydrokinetic Energy 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.1 Hydropower 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.2 Tidal Energy 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.3 Ocean Thermal Energy 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.4 Wave Energy 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Biomass-Based Fuels 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Environmental Policy and Regulatory Considerations for Hydrogen Energy 77\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarybeth Reynolds\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Opportunities and Benefits for the Emerging Hydrogen Energy Industry 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 The Production of Hydrogen 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Clean, Green Zero-Carbon Hydrogen 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Low-Carbon Blue Hydrogen 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Fuel Cells 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Hydrogen’s Potential Uses in Decarbonization 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6 Challenges 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Hydrogen Energy Policy Priorities 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Keep the Focus on Climate Goals and Deploy Hydrogen Strategically 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Prioritize Equity and Public Health 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Consider Long-Term Efficiency and Cost 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Adopt Rigorous Standards and Definitions for Clean Hydrogen 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 U.S. Federal Energy Policies and Regulatory Frameworks 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Hydrogen in Historical U.S. Energy Policy 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Significant Federal Policies and Initiatives Since 2016 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.1 H2@Scale, 2016 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.2 Hydrogen Program Plan, 2020 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.3 Hydrogen Shot, 2021 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.4 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, 2021 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.5 Inflation Reduction Act, 2022 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Current Federal Regulation of Hydrogen 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 The Role of the States 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Global Hydrogen Energy Policies and Priorities 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Summary of Hydrogen Strategies in Key Global Markets 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Policy Priorities to Accelerate a Global Market for Clean Hydrogen 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2.1 Establishing Hydrogen Strategies 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2.2 Developing and Adopting International Codes and Regulations 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2.3 Leveraging Domestic Resources and Export Opportunities 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Summary 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Thermodynamic Considerations 96\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Energy Fundamentals and Principles 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Potential Energy 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Kinetic Energy 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Energy Fundamentals 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Energy Principles 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Enthalpy Effects 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Sensible Enthalpy Effects of Heating 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Latent Enthalpy Changes 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Chemical Reaction Enthalpy Effects 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Second Law Calculations 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Phase Equilibrium 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Stoichiometry 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Conservation Laws 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.1 Conservation of Mass 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.2 Conservation of Energy 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Ideal Gas Law 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Fuel Cells 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Electrical Units 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Fuel Cell Overview 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Unit Cells 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Basic Structure 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Internal Fuel Cell Process Details 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Critical Functions of Cell Components 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Fuel Cell Stacking 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Planar-Bipolar Stacking Fuel Cell (PBSFC) 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Stacks with Tubular Cells 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Fuel Cell Systems 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Fuel Cell Types 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1.1 Advantages 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1.2 Disadvantages 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2.1 Advantages 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2.2 Disadvantages 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3.1 Advantages 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3.2 Disadvantages 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.4.1 Advantages 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.4.2 Disadvantages 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.5.1 Advantages 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.5.2 Disadvantages 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Fuel Cell Characteristics 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Overall Advantages\/Disadvantages 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Batteries 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Summary 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Select Hydrogen Energy Topics 131\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Hydrogen Energy Overview 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Early History 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Processing 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Storage 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Physical-Based Storage 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Materials-Based Storage 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Transportation and Transmission 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Uses 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Potential Role of Ammonia for Alternative Vehicle Fuel in a Hydrogen Economy 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Environmental Issues 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Government Hydrogen Programs 144\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Department of Energy Programs 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Other Federal Programs 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 State Programs 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 California 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Oregon 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Washington 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 South Carolina 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Tax Incentives 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 ITC for Fuel Cell Property 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 New Qualified Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Credit 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Refueling Property Credit 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Alternative Fuel Credit 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Project Financing 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Insurance Coverage 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Stakeholder Engagement 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Hydrogen Physical and Chemical Properties 153\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eOnwukaeme Chibuzo Kenneth\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Physical Properties 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Chemical Properties 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Properties of Mixtures 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Properties of Hydrogen 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Chemical and Molecular Properties of Hydrogen 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Physical Properties of Hydrogen 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Hydrogen Isotopes 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 The Hydrogen Bond 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 The Quintessential Energy Carrier 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Hydrogen-Bearing Compounds 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Water 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Deuterium 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Ammonia 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Methane 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Other Hydrocarbon Molecules 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Open-Chain Hydrocarbons 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 The Alkene Series 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 The Alkyne Series 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4 Cyclic Hydrocarbons 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.5 Other Organic Compound Groups 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 The Alkane Series 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Hydrogen Production Processes 182\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Overview of Hydrogen Production Processes 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Fossil Fuels 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Water Splitting Production Processes 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Water Electrolysis Production Process 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Photoelectrical Hydrogen Production Process 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Thermochemical Water Splitting Production Process 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Biomass Production Processes 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Hydrogen Purification 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Removal 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Adsorptive Purification 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Cryogenic Liquid Purification 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.4 Carbon Monoxide Removal 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Hydrogen Laboratory Processes 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Emerging Hydrogen Technologies 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Hydrogen Storage 199\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Chemical Industry Storage Options 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Gas Storage 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Liquid Storage 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Tank Details 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Storage Batteries 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Hydrogen Storage Overview 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Compressed Gas 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Liquid Storage 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Underground Storage 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Metal Hydrides 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Gaseous Hydrogen Storage 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Composite Tanks 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Glass Microspheres 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Liquid Hydrogen Storage 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Storage as a Constituent in Other Liquids 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Rechargeable Organic Liquids 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Solid Hydrogen Storage 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Carbon and Other High Surface Area Materials 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1.1 Carbon-Based Materials 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1.2 Other High Surface Area Materials 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Rechargeable Metal Hydrides 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2.1 Alanates 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2.2 Borohydrides 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Water-Reactive Chemical Hydrides 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4 Thermal Chemical Hydrides 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 The Moon Project 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Summary of Hydrogen Storage Strategies 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Hydrogen Transportation and Transmission 213\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Hydrogen Transportation\/Transmission Options 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Motor Carriers 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Pipelines 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Ships 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Trains 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Traditional Transportation Options 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Air Transportation 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Rail Transportation 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Water Transportation 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Highway Transportation 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Chemical Industry Transportation Options 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Transportation of Liquids 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Transportation of Gases 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Hydrogen Transportation: Pipelines 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Hydrogen Transportation: Mobile 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 On-Site Hydrogen Production 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Transportation via Chemical Hydrogen Carriers 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 International\/Global Hydrogen Transportation 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Regulation Issues 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 New Hydrogen Transmission Options 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Hydrogen Conversion 229\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Energy Conversion Technical Details 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Electric Power Systems 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 The Grid System 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Storage Costs Multiply to Achieve 90% Capacity Factor for Large Solar PV 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Cost of Vogtle 3 and 4 Nuclear is Less than PV with Storage for 90% Capacity Factor 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conversion: The Combustion Process 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Conversion: The Fuel Cell Process 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Hydrogen Uses 243\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Power Generation 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Transportation 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Industry Feedstock 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Hydrogen-Containing Feedstock Chemicals 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Heating 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Energy Storage 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 The Quintessential Hydrogen Byproduct: Potable Water 256\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 The Hydrologic Cycle 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 The Desalination Process 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Traditional Seawater Desalination Processes 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Evaporation Processes 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Reverse Osmosis 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 Crystallization Processes 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 New Process Options for Potable Water Production 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 System and Method for Obtaining Potable Water from Fossil Fuels 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 System and Method for Obtaining Potable Water Employing Geothermal Energy 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Water Requirement of Electrolysis 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 The Theodore Hydrogen Water Byproduct Process 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Safety Considerations 268\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Hydrogen Details 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Worker Safety Regulations and Requirements 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Site Safety Plans 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Chemical Safety Data Sheets 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 The Hydrogen SDS 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Technical Engineering Issues 285\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Environmental Health and Hazard Risk Assessment 287\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 The Health Risk Assessment Process 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 The Health Risk Assessment Process Components 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Health Problem Identification 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Dose–Response Assessment 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Exposure Assessment 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.4 Risk Characterization 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Hazard Risk Assessment Process 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 The Hazard Risk Assessment Process Components 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.1 Hazard Identification 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.2 Hazard\/Accident Probability 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.3 Accident Consequence Evaluation 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Future Trends 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Energy–Environmental Interactions 301\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 U.S. Hydrogen Energy Policy 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 U.S. Energy–Environmental Policy Issues 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Individual State Energy Policies 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Global Energy Policies 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Environmental Concerns: A Technological Mandate 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Net Energy Concepts 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Interaction with Other Goals 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Ethical Considerations 316\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 The Present State of Ethics 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Dos and Don’ts 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Integrity 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Moral Issues 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Guardianship 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Engineering Ethics 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8 Future Trends in Professional and Environmental Ethics 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9 Case Studies 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9.1 Case Study 1 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9.2 Case Study 2 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9.3 Case Study 3 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Economic Considerations 330\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Economic and Finance Definitions 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Simple Interest 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Compound Interest 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.3 Present Worth 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.4 Time Value of Money 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.5 Depreciation 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.6 Equipment Cost and Cost Indexes 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.7 Capital Recovery Factor 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.8 Net Present Worth 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.9 Perpetual Life 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.10 Break-Even Point 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.11 Approximate Rate of Return 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.12 Exact Rate of Return 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.13 Bonds 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.14 Incremental Cost 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.15 Inflation 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Investment and Risks 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 The Traditional Economic Evaluation Process 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Capital and Operating Costs 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Project and Process Evaluation 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 Hydrogen Energy Economy Considerations 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 Concluding Remarks 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Optimization Considerations 347\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 History of Optimization 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Scope of Optimization 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 General Analytical Formulation of the Optimum 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Mathematical Concepts in Linear Programming 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Applied Concepts in Linear Programming 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Optimization of Existing Systems 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Illustrative Examples 363\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Energy Principles 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.1 The Ideal Gas Law 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.2 Mass Conservation Law 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.3 Stoichiometry 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Thermodynamics 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.1 Partial Pressure 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.2 Gross Heating Value of a Fuel 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.3 Material and Energy Balance Calculations 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Energy Systems 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.1 Energy Conversion Efficiency 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.2 Energy–Mass Relationships 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.3 Energy Storage 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Environmental Issues 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5.1 Catalyst Recovery 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5.2 Explosion Overpressure 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5.3 Weibull Distribution Calculation 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Ethics 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6.1 Domestic Ethical Issues 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6.2 Production Increase Demands 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6.3 ISO 14000 Consulting Dilemma 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Economics 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.1 Optimum Pipe Diameter Considerations 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.2 Optimum Hydrogen Plant Profit 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.3 Plant Selection Based on Tax Credit Availability 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 SDS Information 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8.1 Layman’s Definition of an SDS 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8.2 Limitation of SDSs 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8.3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics Contained in SDSs 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9 Optimization 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9.1 Profit Model Optimization 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9.2 Hydrogen Plant Operation 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9.3 Optimization of Utility Conversion to Hydrogen 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 384\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVincent J. DelGatto, M.Eng. PE,\u003c\/b\u003e is recent Chair of the IEEE NY Power and Energy and Industrial Applications Societies and co-author of the IEEE-USA Energy Policy Committee “National Energy Policy Recommendations.” His experience spans over 40 years in the electric power industry and academia. His work at Con Edison and GE focused on high voltage electromagnetic fields, cost analysis and safety of shared transmission right of way for electric and gas pipelines. He currently consults on the Levelized Full System Costs of Electricity. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLouis Theodore, Eng.Sc.D.,\u003c\/b\u003e is a retired Professor of Chemical Engineering, having taught for 50 years at Manhattan College. He is the author of several publications, including \u003ci\u003eFluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eThermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eMass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eAir Pollution Control Equipment Calculations\u003c\/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003ePollution Prevention\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eR. Ryan Dupont, Ph.D.,\u003c\/b\u003e is Cazier Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Utah State University and Research Associate at the Utah Water Research Laboratory. He is a Life Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the author of many research publications and books, including \u003ci\u003eGroundwater and Soil Remediation:\u003c\/i\u003e \u003ci\u003eProcess Design and Cost Estimating of Proven Technologies\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eWater Resource Management Issues: Basic Principles and Applications\u003c\/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003eUnit Operations in Environmental Engineering\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMatthew C. Ogwu, Ph.D.,\u003c\/b\u003e is an Assistant Professor in the Goodnight Family Sustainable Development Department at Appalachian State University. He is an interdisciplinary academic with transdisciplinary skills and diverse convergence research interests pertinent to the assessment of coupled human and natural as well as socio-ecological systems and has numerous awards, research grants, and scholarships to his name. Dr. Ogwu serves on the board of and as a reviewer for many peer-reviewed journals. He continues to volunteer his time and skills to promote sustainable development.    \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnderstand hydrogen as an energy resource and its potential as a dynamic solution for a carbon-neutral economy\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHydrogen is an energy carrier that can be used to store, move, and deliver energy produced from other sources. It has the potential for high energy efficiency, significant environmental and social benefits, and economic competitiveness.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding how hydrogen energy can be produced and provide electricity, carbon free alternative fuels, and storage is crucial. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHydrogen Energy: Principles and Applications\u003c\/i\u003e provides the information needed by energy resource planners, scientists, engineers, and government officials to make informed energy-related decisions. Divided into three parts, the book opens with an introduction to energy issues, resources, policies for hydrogen, fuel cells and thermodynamic considerations. The second part addresses the practical aspects of hydrogen energy including government programs and safety as well as production processes, utilization, conversion to alternative fuels, transportation and storage. The third part details environmental interactions, ethics, economics and future prospects for development of the hydrogen economy.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCovering the fundamentals of hydrogen energy with a thorough and accessible approach, this book: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEquips readers with a well-rounded working knowledge of hydrogen energy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers the latest technological advances, economic considerations, and the role hydrogen plays in a renewable energy economy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOffers a pragmatic, real-world perspective rather than focusing on theoretical issues\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eContains nearly 50 illustrative examples ranging from elementary thermodynamic calculations to optimization applications using linear programming\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHydrogen Energy: Principles and Applications\u003c\/i\u003e is a must-read for those in energy-related fields, particularly environmental engineering students and professionals, energy leaders and policymakers.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989393719525,"sku":"NP9781394172269","price":165.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781394172269.jpg?v=1761783939","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/hydrogen-energy-isbn-9781394172269","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}