{"product_id":"human-brain-evolution-isbn-9780470452684","title":"Human Brain Evolution","description":"The evolution of the human brain and cognitive ability is one of the central themes of physical\/biological anthropology. This book discusses the emergence of human cognition at a conceptual level, describing it as a process of long adaptive stasis interrupted by short periods of cognitive advance. These advances were not linear and directed, but were acquired indirectly as part of changing human behaviors, in other words through the process of exaptation (acquisition of a function for which it was not originally selected). Based on studies of the modem human brain, certain prerequisites were needed for the development of the early brain and associated cognitive advances. This book documents the energy and nutrient constraints of the modern brain, highlighting the significant role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in brain development and maintenance. Crawford provides further emphasis for the role of essential fatty acids, in particular DHA, in brain development, by discussing the evolution of the eye and neural systems.  \u003cp\u003eThis is an ideal book for Graduate students, post docs, research scientists in Physical\/Biological Anthropology, Human Biology, Archaeology, Nutrition, Cognitive Science, Neurosciences.  It is also an excellent selection for a grad student discussion seminar.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword: Evolution, Encephalization, Environment vii\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003ePhillip V. Tobias\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction xiii\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKathlyn M. Stewart and Stephen C. Cunnane\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 Macroevolutionary Patterns, Exaptation, and Emergence in the Evolution of the Human Brain and Cognition 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIan Tattersall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Selection 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacroevolution 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatterns in Human Evolution 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbolic Cognition 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExaptation and Emergence 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge Brains and Aquatic Resources 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Brain Evolution 13\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael A. Crawford\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction – Lipids and Evolution 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Evolution of Complex Life Forms 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Language of Lipids 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDHA 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution of Homo sapiens 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDHA and Neural Pathways? 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Comment on AA 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Third Phase of Earth’s Life History – AA and Reproduction in Mammals 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDarwin and the Conditions of Existence 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplications 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 Human Brain Evolution: A Question of Solving Key Nutritional and Metabolic Constraints On Mammalian Brain Development 33\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eStephen C. Cunnane\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain Evolution in Hominins 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed for a New Paradigm 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain Development 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy Requirements of the Brain 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrients and Brain Function 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain-Selective Nutrients 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical Importance of Baby Fat in Humans 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGene – Nutrient Interactions 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 Metabolic and Molecular Aspects of the Critical Role of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Human Brain Function 65\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJ. Thomas Brenna\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Molecular Structure 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDHA and Neural Function 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic and Biophysical Considerations 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctional Importance of DHA in Retinal and Neural Membranes 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary Need for Preformed DHA 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDHA Intake During Pregnancy and Lactation: Effects on Higher CNS Functions of the Mother and Infant 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 Lessons From Shorebased Hunter-Gatherer Diets Iin East Africa 77\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrits A.J. Muskiet and Remko S. Kuipers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur Genetic Background 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptation to the Conditions of Existence 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWestern Diets and the Human Genome 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain-Selective Nutrients in Health and Disease 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary Fatty Acids at the Land–Water Interface 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanzanian Breast Milk Fatty Acids Versus Western Recommendations 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimated Fatty Acid Intakes from Shore-Based Paleolithic Diets 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 Thyroid Hormone, Iodine and Human Brain Evolution 105\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSebastiano Venturi and Michel E. Bégin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThyroid Hormone Metabolism and Function 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFetal Development 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant Activity of Iodine 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary Sources of Iodine 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIodine Defi ciency Disorders 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Brain Evolution 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThyroid Hormone, Iodine, and Human Brain Evolution 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 Food For Thought: The Role of Coastlines and Aquatic Resources in Human Evolution 125\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJon M. Erlandson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood for Thought 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Nutrition and Physiology 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArchaeological Evidence for the Antiquity of Fishing 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 The Case for Exploitation of Wetlands Environments and Foods By Pre-Sapiens Hominins 137\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKathlyn M. Stewart\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHominid Exploitation of Wetlands Environments and Resources 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Hominins: Colonization of New Environments 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlio-Pleistocene Climate Instability and Use of Wetlands Resources 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntensification of Wetlands Vegetation Exploitation 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Shift to High-Quality Foods 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreconditions for Encephalization 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecessional Forcing, Drying Lakes\/Rivers, and Die-Offs of Aquatic Faunas 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMammal Meat: A Later Hominin Adaptation? 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostscript: H. heidelbergensis and H. sapiens 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9 Brain Size in Carnivoran Mammals That Forage at the Land–Water Ecotone,\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ewith Implications for Robust Australopithecine Paleobiology 173\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan B. Shabel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10 Coastal Diet, Encephalization, and Innovative Behaviors in the Late Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa 189\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohn Parkington\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate Change 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA New Narrative 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11 Human Brain Evolution: A New Wetlands Scenario 203\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eStephen C. Cunnane and Kathlyn M. Stewart\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Brain Evolution 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurochemical and Nutritional Evidence 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fossil Evidence 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlausibility, Prediction, and Parsimony 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalient Points 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"This is an ideal book for Graduate students, post docs, research scientists in Physical\/ Biological Anthropology, Human Biology, Archaeology, Nutrition, Cognitive Science, Neurosciences. It is also an excellent selection for a grad student discussion seminar.\" (\u003ci\u003eHuman Evolution\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 March 2013)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"This volume... is a puissant move away from the heavy, earthbound view of hominid evolution and a move toward a greater emphasis upon the role of water and waterways in hominid development, survival, and diversification.\" (Phillip Tobias, Foreward, \u003ci\u003eHuman Brain Evolution\u003c\/i\u003e)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStephen C. Cunnane\u003c\/b\u003e, Ph.D., holds the Canada Research Chair in Brain Metabolism and Aging and is the Director of the Research Centre on Aging at Sherbrooke University Geriatric Institute. He sits on the editorial boards of iiuinerous journals, including \u003ci\u003eNutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eBritish Journal of Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eJournal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKathlyn M. Stewart\u003c\/b\u003e, Ph.D. is a Research Scientist in Paleobiology and former Head of Paleobiology at the Canadian Museum of Nature. Specializing in environmental change and human adaptation, she has extensive field experience in Africa.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA multidisciplinary treatment of the importance of aquatic foods in human brain evolution\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe evolution of the human brain and cognitive ability is one of the central themes of physical\/biological anthropology. Based on studies of the modern human brain, certain prerequisites were needed for the development of the early brain and associated cognitive advances. Important prerequisites included polyunsaturated fatty acids and other brain selective nutrients, which are found in highest quantity in fish and shellfish. Early hominins were able to access these foods when frequenting wetlands, particularly lake and river margins. Increased consumption of this high-quality diet over time exaptively diverted energy to the brain, and was a catalyst for brain growth. The later exploitation of marine shellfish and fish is roughly correlated with the emergence of \u003ci\u003eHomo sapiens\u003c\/i\u003e, and cognitive advance associated with changing human behaviors. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHuman Brain Evolution: The Influence of Freshwater and Marine Food Resources\u003c\/i\u003e documents the energy and nutrient constraints of the modern brain, highlighting the significant role of brain selective nutrients in brain development and the evolution of neural systems. There is a particular focus on two long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in brain development and maintenance—docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA). These nutrients are found in the highest quantity in fish and shellfish, and this volume further discusses fossil, morphological, and isotopic evidence for hominin consumption of these foods over time.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe contributors to this volume come from several fields—paleoanthropology, nutrition, neurochemistry, archaeology, and paleobiology—providing a multidisciplinary approach to the complex and challenging topic of the evolution of the brain. The first half of this volume focuses specifically on the biochemical and nutritional requirements of encephalization of the human brain, best acquired opportunistically (exaptively) through consumption of fish and\/or shellfish. The second half provides multidisciplinary evidence on the exploitation of initially, freshwater and later, marine fish and shellfish, by successive hominin taxa. These persuasive, thought-provoking discussions and arguments provide the basis for a new perspective and help the reader understand the vital role freshwater and marine foods have in human brain function and, hence, evolution. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHuman Brain Evolution is essential reading for graduate students, postdoctoral students, and research scientists in physical\/biological anthropology, human biology, archaeology, nutrition, cognitive science, and the neurosciences. It is also an excellent supplemental text for biological anthropology or a graduate student discussion seminar.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989387657445,"sku":"NP9780470452684","price":184.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470452684.jpg?v=1761783915","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/human-brain-evolution-isbn-9780470452684","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}