Handbook of Elemental Speciation II

Written by an internationally recognized group of editors and contributors, Handbook of Elemental Speciation, Volume 2 provides a comprehensive, cross-disciplinary presentation of the analytical techniques involved in speciation.

• Comprehensive coverage of key elements and compounds in situ
• Addresses the analysis and impact of these elements and compounds, e.g. arsenic, lead, copper, iron, halogens, etc., in food, the environment, clinical and occupational health
• Detailed methodology and data are reported, as well as regulatory limits
• Includes general introduction on the impact in these key areas

List of Contributors vii

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

Technical Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii

1 Introduction 1

2 Element by Element Review 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Speciation of Aluminum 7

2.2.1 Speciation of Aluminum in the Environment 7

2.2.2 Speciation of Aluminum in Food: Sources, Including Potable Water 20

2.2.3 Speciation of Aluminum in Clinical Aspects (Health & Disease) 27

2.2.4 Speciation of Aluminum in Occupational Health 40

2.3 Speciation of Antimony 47

2.4 Speciation of Arsenic 69

2.4.1 Arsenic and Arsenic Species in Environment and Human Nutrition 69

2.4.2 Arsenic Speciation in Human Tissues 86

2.5 Speciation of Cadmium 94

2.5.1 Speciation of Cadmium in the Environment and Food 94

2.5.2 Speciation of Cadmium in Health and Disease 107

2.6 Speciation of Chromium 120

2.6.1 Speciation of Chromium in Environment and Food 120

2.6.2 Speciation of Chromium in Occupational Exposure and Clinical Aspects 136

2.7 Speciation of Cobalt 158

2.8 Speciation of Copper 174

2.8.1 Speciation of Copper in the Environment 174

2.8.2 Speciation of Copper in Clinical and Occupational Aspects 187

2.9 Speciation of Iron 200

2.9.1 Speciation of Iron in the Environment 200

2.9.2 Iron Speciation in Biomedicine 218

2.10 Speciation of Lead 239

2.10.1 Environmental Speciation of Lead 239

2.10.2 Speciation of Lead in Food and Wine 247

2.10.3 Speciation of Lead in Occupational Exposure and Clinical Health Aspects 252

2.11 Speciation of Manganese 277

2.12 Speciation of Mercury: Environment, Food, Clinical, and Occupational Health 281

2.13 Speciation of Molybdenum 305

2.14 Speciation of Nickel 310

2.15 Speciation of Platinum, Palladium, Gold and Rhodium 327

2.15.1 Importance of Platinum Group Elements and Gold Speciation in the Environment and Medicine 327

2.15.2 Speciation of Platinum Group Elements and Gold in Occupational Exposure 338

2.16 Speciation of Selenium 346

2.17 Speciation of Silicon 366

2.18 Speciation of Sulfur 378

2.19 Speciation of Thallium 408

2.20 Speciation of Tin 422

2.21 Speciation of Vanadium 464

2.22 Speciation of Zinc 488

2.23 Speciation of Actinides 509

2.24 Speciation of Halogen Compounds 564

2.25 Volatile Metal Compounds of Biogenic Origin 598

2.26 Metal Complexes of Humic Substances 621

2.27 Selected Examples of Important Metal–Protein Species 638

3 Modeling of Elemental Species 651

3.1 Thermodynamic Modeling of Trace Element Partitioning in the Environment: New Concepts and Outlook 651

3.2 Modeling in Nutrition The Metabolism of Selenium, Copper, Zinc and Calcium Using Stable Isotopes in Humans 690

3.3 Modeling of Trace Element Species in Health and Disease 713

3.3.1 Pharmacokinetic Approach and Mathematical Modeling 715

3.3.2 Modeling of Biological Ligand Binding 728

4 Speciation and the Emerging Legislation 737

Index 745

"...should definitely be available in the reference library of every university or organization where speciation studies are carried out." (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, November 2007)

Rita Cornelis, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, The Netherlands. This Handbook explores elemental species in both living and non-living systems. It is of interest to a wide range of scientists, including analytical chemists, biochemists, toxicologists, clinicians and environmental scientists in academia, government laboratories and industry. Those involved in regulatory or legislative activities will find it to be a source of relevant information. It is also intended to be a comprehensive database for students in these disciplines.

The analytical methodology has been the subject of Volume 1 of this Handbook. This second volume covers in great detail the various species of 21 elements, of the actinides and of four groups of compounds (halogens, volatile metal compounds of biogenic origin, metal complexes of humic substances and metal complexes of proteins) within four key areas: environment, food, occupation and clinical health. Chapters on modelling of trace element species in the environment, food, health and disease illustrate the power of modern chemometric techniques in describing the behaviour of elemental species in complicated systems.

Elemental speciation is a relatively young discipline and as a consequence, the fundamental knowledge is sometimes fragmentary and incomplete. Thus, each contribution is a stand-alone reference, written by a recognized expert in the field, aiming to be as informative as possible.

The information contained in the two volumes of this Handbook provides a state-of-the-art introduction to this young and exciting scientific domain. The editors hope it will constitute a stimulating basis for further research.