{"product_id":"geology-for-dummies-isbn-9781119652878","title":"Geology For Dummies","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGet a rock-solid grasp on geology\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeology For Dummies \u003c\/i\u003eis ideal reading for anyonewith an interest in the fundamental concepts of geology, whether they're lifelong learners with a fascination for the subject or college students interested in pursuing geology or earth sciences.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresented in a straightforward, trusted format—and tracking to a typical introductory geology course at the college level—this book features a thorough introduction to the study of earth, its materials, and its processes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eRock records and geologic time  \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eLarge-scale motion of tectonic plates  \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMatter, minerals, and rocks  \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe geological processes on earth's surface  \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eRock that geology class with \u003ci\u003eGeology For Dummies\u003c\/i\u003e!\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout This Book 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoolish Assumptions 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIcons Used in This Book 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond the Book 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere to Go from Here 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 1: Studying The Earth 5\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1: Rocks for Jocks (and Everybody Else) 7\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinding Your Inner Scientist 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaking observations every day 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJumping to conclusions 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFocusing on Rock Formation and Transformation 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding how rocks form 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTumbling through the rock cycle 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMapping Continental Movements 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnifying geology with plate tectonics theory 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDebating a mechanism for plate movements 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoving Rocks around on Earth’s Surface 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpreting a Long History of Life on Earth 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing relative versus absolute dating 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWitnessing evolution in the fossil record 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2: Observing Earth through a Scientific Lens 15\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRealizing That Science Is Not Just for Scientists 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing a Methodical Approach: The Scientific Method 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensing something new 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI have a hypothesis! 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTesting your hypothesis: Experiments 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrunching the numbers 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpreting results 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSharing the findings 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding New Knowledge: A Scientific Theory 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt’s never “just a theory” 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific theory versus scientific law 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe road to paradigms 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeaking in Tongues: Why Geologists Seem to Speak a Separate Language 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLamination vs foliation: Similar outcomes from different processes 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGabbro vs basalt: Different outcomes from similar processes 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3: From Here to Eternity: The Past, Present, and Future of Geologic Thought 27\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatastrophe Strikes Again and Again 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Thoughts on the Origin of Rocks 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloping Modern Geologic Understanding 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading the rock layers: Steno’s stratigraphy 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese things take time! Hutton’s hypothesis 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat has been will be: Lyell’s principles 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniformi-what? Understanding the Earth through Uniformitarianism 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulling It All Together: The Theory of Plate Tectonics 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForging Ahead into New Frontiers 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsking how, where, and why: Mountain building and plate boundaries 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMysteries of the past: Snowball earth, first life, and mass extinctions 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredicting the future: Earthquakes and climate change 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of this world: Planetary geology and the search for life 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4: Home Sweet Home: Planet Earth 39\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Spheres 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamining Earth’s Geosphere 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefining Earth’s layers 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamining each layer 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 2: Elements, Minerals, And Rocks \u003c\/b\u003e49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5: It’s Elemental, My Dear: A Very Basic Chemistry of Elements and Compounds 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Smallest Matter: Atoms and Atomic Structure 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGetting to know the periodic table 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpreting isotopes 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharging particles: Ions 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemically Bonding 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDonating electrons (ionic bonds) 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSharing electrons (covalent bonds) 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigrating electrons (metallic bonds) 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormulating Compounds 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6: Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks 61\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeeting Mineral Requirements 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaking Crystals 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying Minerals Using Physical Characteristics 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserving transparency, color, luster, and streak 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring mineral strength 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf it tastes like salt, it must be halite: Noting unique mineral properties 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring properties in the lab 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRealizing Most Rocks Are Built from Silicate Minerals 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinding silicates in many shapes 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrouping silicate minerals 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemembering the Nonsilicate Minerals 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonates 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulfides and sulfates 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxides 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNative elements 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaporites 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGemstones 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7: Recognizing Rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Types 79\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMama Magma: Birthing Igneous Rocks 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemembering how magma is made 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassifying melt composition 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReacting in sequence: Bowen’s reaction series 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolving magmas 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystallizing one way or another: Igneous rocks 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassifying igneous rocks 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudying volcanic structures 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLooking below the surface 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMerging Many Single Grains of Sand: Sedimentary Rocks 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeathering rocks into sediments 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanging from sediment into rock 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSizing up the grains: Classifying sedimentary rocks 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSearching for sedimentary basins 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTelling stories of the past: Sedimentary structures 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStuck between a Rock and a Hard Place: Metamorphic Rocks 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurning up the heat and pressure: Metamorphism 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrading metamorphism with index minerals 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBetween the mineral sheets: Foliation, or maybe not 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategorizing metamorphic rocks 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTumbling through the Rock Cycle: How Rocks Change from One Type to Another 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 3: One Theory To Explain It All: Plate Tectonics 115\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8: Adding Up the Evidence for Plate Tectonics 117\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrifting Apart: Wegener’s Idea of Continental Drift 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinental puzzle solving 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFossil matching 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratigraphic stories 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIcy cold climates of long ago 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeeting at the equator 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSearching for a mechanism 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComing Together: How Technology Sheds Light on Plate Tectonics 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMapping the seafloor 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlip-flopping magnetic poles: Paleomagnetism and seafloor spreading 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring plate movements 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnifying the theory 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9: When Crustal Plates Meet, It’s All Relative 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity Is Key 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo of a Kind: Continental and Oceanic Crust 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDark and dense: Oceanic crust 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThick and fluffy: Continental crust 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding Why Density Matters: Isostasy 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefining Plate Boundaries by Their Relative Motion 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDriving apart: Divergent plate boundaries 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrashing together: Convergent plate boundaries 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlip-sliding along: Transform plate boundaries 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShaping Topography with Plate Movements 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeforming the crust at plate boundaries 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressing rocks into folds 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFaulting in response to stress 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding mountains 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10: Who’s Driving This Thing? Mantle Convection and Plate Movement 149\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRunning in Circles: Models of Mantle Convection 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMantle plumes: Just like the lava in your lamp 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe slab-pull and ridge-push models 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing Convection to Explain Magma, Volcanoes, and Underwater Mountains 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlate friction: Melting rock beneath the earth’s crust 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreating volcanic arcs and hotspots 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBirthing new seafloor at mid-ocean ridges 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShake, Rattle, and Roll: How Plate Movements Cause Earthquakes 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponding elastically 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSending waves through the earth 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring magnitude 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 4: Superficially Speaking: About Surface Processes 163\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11: Gravity Takes Its Toll: Mass Wasting 165\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHolding Steady or Falling Down: Friction versus Gravity 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFocusing on the Materials Involved 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoose materials: Resting at the angle of repose 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBedrock: Losing its stability 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTriggering Mass Movements 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdding water to the mix 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanging the slope angle 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShaking things up: Earthquakes 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemoving vegetation 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoving Massive Amounts of Earth, Quickly 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalls 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlides and slumps 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlows 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA More Subtle Approach: Creep and Soil Flow (Solifluction) 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 12: Water: Above and Below Ground 175\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrologic Cycling 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDriving the cycle with evaporation 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraveling across a continent 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStreams: Moving Sediments toward the Ocean 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDraining the basin 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo types of flow 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring stream characteristics 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarrying a heavy load 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring what is transported 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEroding a Stream Channel to Base Level 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeeking Equilibrium after Changes in Base Level 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaving Their Mark: How Streams Create Landforms 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDraining the basin 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeandering along 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepositing sediments along the way 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReaching the sea 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlowing beneath Your Feet: Groundwater 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfiltrating tiny spaces underground 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring porosity and permeability 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSetting the water table 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpringing from rocks 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThat sinking feeling: Karst, caves, and sinkholes 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 13: Flowing Slowly toward the Sea: Glaciers 195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying Three Types of Glaciers 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding Ice as a Geologic Force 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransforming snow into ice 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBalancing the glacial budget 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlowing solidly down the mountain 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEroding at a Snail’s Pace: Landforms Created by Glacial Erosion 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlucking and abrading along the way 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreating their own valleys 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeaking French: Cirques, arêtes, et roche moutonnées 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaving It All Behind: Glacial Deposits 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepositing the till 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlains, trains, eskers, and kames 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehaving erratically: Large boulders in odd places 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere Have All the Glaciers Gone? 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilling the erosional gaps 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCycling through ice ages 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRebounding isostatically 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 14: Blowing in the Wind: Moving Sediments without Water 211\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLacking Water: Arid Regions of the Earth 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransporting Particles by Air 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkipping right along: Bed load and saltation 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuspending particles in air 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeflating and Abrading: Features of Wind Erosion 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemoving sediments 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScratching the surface 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJust Add Wind: Dunes and Other Depositional Wind Features 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigrating piles of sand: Dunes 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShaping sand 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaying down layers of loess 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaving the Desert: Deposition or Erosion? 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 15: Catch a Wave: The Evolution of Shorelines 223\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreaking Free: Waves and Wave Motion 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDissecting wave anatomy 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarting to roll 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoing with the flow: Currents and tides 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShaping Shorelines 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarving cliffs and other features 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBudgeting to build sandbars 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategorizing Coastlines 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 5: Long, Long Ago In This Galaxy Right Here 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 16: Getting a Grip on Geologic Time 235\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Layer Cake of Time: Stratigraphy and Relative Dating 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeaking relatively 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSorting out the strata 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePutting rock layers in the right order 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLosing time in the layers 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShow Me the Numbers: Methods of Absolute Dating 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring radioactive decay 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon radioactive isotopes for geological dating 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther exacting methods of geological dating 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelatively Absolute: Combining Methods for the Best Results 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEons, Eras, and Epochs (Oh My!): Structuring the Geologic Timescale 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 17: A Record of Life in the Rocks 253\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExplaining Change, Not Origins: The Theory of Evolution 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Evolution of a Theory 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquiring traits doesn’t do it 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaturally, selecting for survival 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMendel’s peas please 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic nuts and bolts 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpontaneously mutating genes 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeciating right and left 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePutting Evolution to the Test 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgainst All Odds: The Fossilization of Lifeforms 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBones, teeth, and shell: Body fossils 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJust passing through: Trace fossils 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrecting for Bias in the Fossil Record 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothesizing Relationships: Cladistics 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 18: Time before Time Began: The Precambrian 265\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Beginning Earth’s Creation from a Nebulous Cloud 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddressing Archean Rocks 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreating continents 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevving up the rock cycle 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeling hot, hot, hot: Evidence for extreme temperatures 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOriginating with Orogens: Supercontinents of the\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProterozoic Eon 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle Cells, Algal Mats, and the Early Atmosphere 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHunting early prokaryotes and eukaryotes 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYou know it as pond scum: Cyanobacteria 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaiting to inhale: The formation of Earth’s atmosphere 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestioning the Earliest Complex Life: The Ediacaran Fauna 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 19: Teeming with Life: The Paleozoic Era 281\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploding with Life: The Cambrian Period 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToughen up! Developing shells 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuling arthropods of the seafloor: Trilobites 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding Reefs All Over the Place 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwimming freely: Ammonoids and nautiloids 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploring freshwater: Eurypterids 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinal Tapping: Animals with Backbones 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish evolve body armor, teeth, and legs? 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenturing onto land: Early amphibians 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdapting to life on land: The reptiles 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanting Roots: Early Plant Evolution 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTracking the Geologic Events of the Paleozoic 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstructing continents 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading the rocks: Transgressions and regressions 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFossilizing carbon fuels 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePangaea, the most super of supercontinents 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 20: Mesozoic World: When Dinosaurs Dominated 299\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDriving Pangaea Apart at the Seams 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne continent becomes many 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluencing global climate 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreating the mountains of North America 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepopulating the Seas after Extinction 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Symbiosis of Flowers 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognizing All the Mesozoic Reptiles 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlocking together 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimbing the Dinosaur Family Tree 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBranching out: Ornithischia and Saurischia 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorned faces and armor: Ornithischian dinosaurs 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong necks and meat eaters: Saurischian dinosaurs 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlocking Together: The Evolutionary Road to Birds 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaying the Groundwork for Later Dominance: Early\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMammal Evolution 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 21: The Cenozoic Era: Mammals Take Over 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePutting Continents in Their Proper (Okay, Current) Places 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreating modern geography 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsuming the Farallon Plate 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarving the Grand Canyon with uplift 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIcing over northern continents 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntering the Age of Mammals 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulating body temperature 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilling every niche 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving Large: Massive Mammals Then and Now 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNosing around elephant evolution 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReturning to the sea: Whales 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarger than life: Giant mammals of the ice ages 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight Here, Right Now: The Reign of Homo Sapiens 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArguing for the Anthropocene 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltering the climate 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShaping the landscape 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaving evidence in the rock record 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 22: And Then There Were None: Major Extinction Events in Earth’s History 333\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExplaining Extinctions 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeads up! Astronomical impacts 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLava, lava everywhere: Volcanic eruptions and flood basalts 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShifting sea levels 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanging climate 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd Times, at Least Five Times 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooling tropical waters 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReducing carbon dioxide levels 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Great Dying 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaving the way for dinosaurs 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemolishing dinosaurs: The K\/T boundary 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModern Extinctions and Biodiversity 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHunting the megafauna 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReducing biodiversity 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 6: The Part of Tens 345\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 23: Ten Ways You Use Geologic Resources Every Day 347\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurning Fossil Fuels 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlaying with Plastics 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGathering Gemstones 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrinking Water 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreating Concrete 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaving Roads 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessing Geothermal Heat 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFertilizing with Phosphate 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstructing Computers 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding with Beautiful Stone 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 24: Ten Geologic Hazards 353\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanging Course: River Flooding 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaving In: Sinkholes 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSliding Down: Landslides 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShaking Things Up: Earthquakes 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWashing Away Coastal Towns: Tsunamis 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDestroying Farmland and Coastal Bluffs: Erosion 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiery Explosions of Molten Rock: Volcanic Eruptions 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelting Ice with Fire: Jokulhlaups 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlowing Rivers of Mud: Lahars 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWatching the Poles: Geomagnetism 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 359\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlecia M. Spooner\u003c\/b\u003e has been teaching at the college level for more than 15 years. She currently teaches at Seattle Central College, where she is Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences. Alecia teaches earth science courses that are accessible and engaging, while stressing scientific literacy and critical thinking.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscover how rocks change over time\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eUnderstand what causes earthquakes, volcanos, and floods\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplore the structure of the Earth\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGet a rock-solid grasp on geology\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeology is a vast, intricate, and complex subject, and it is visually stunning! \u003ci\u003eGeology For Dummies\u003c\/i\u003e will awaken you to the fascinating study of the earth and its materials, whether you're studying geology in school or just want to learn more about our planet. Dive into any chapter that interests you! This friendly guide is a perfect introduction—and a handy reference—to all things geologic. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInside...\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe theory of plate tectonics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePlain-English chemistry basics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe history of geologic thought\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMajor extinction events\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIgneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe geologic timescale\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCommon geologic hazards\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"For Dummies","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989282701541,"sku":"NP9781119652878","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119652878.jpg?v=1761783507","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/geology-for-dummies-isbn-9781119652878","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}