{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-groundwater-isbn-9781119820130","title":"Fundamentals of Groundwater","description":"\u003cb\u003eFundamentals of Groundwater\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA thoroughly updated classic on the fundamentals of groundwater\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second edition of \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Groundwater\u003c\/i\u003e delivers an expert discussion of the fundamentals of groundwater in the hydrologic cycle and applications to contemporary problems in hydrogeology. The theme of the book is groundwater, broadly defined, and it covers the theory and practice of groundwater—from basic principles of physical and chemical hydrogeology to their application in traditional and emerging areas of practice. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis new edition contains extensive revisions, including new discussions of human impacts on aquifers, and strategies and concepts for sustainable development of groundwater. It also covers the theory of groundwater flow—including concepts of hydraulic head and the Darcy equation—and ground water\/surface water interactions, as well as geochemistry and contamination. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaders will also find \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to the techniques of water resource investigations and regional groundwater flow\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of groundwater chemistry and its applications in regional characterization and assessments of health impacts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of groundwater contamination and water sustainability more generally\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFulsome treatments of newly emerged contaminants, like PFAS, pathogens, agricultural contaminants, methane, arsenic, uranium, and redox processes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in hydrogeology, groundwater, geoscience, applied geoscience, and groundwater and contaminant processes, \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Groundwater\u003c\/i\u003e also benefits environmental consultants, geochemists, engineers, and geologists. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Groundwater 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Why Study Groundwater? 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Brief History of Groundwater 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 On Books 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 On the Early Evolution of Hydrogeological Knowledge 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 1960–2005 Computers and Contaminants 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 2005 and Onward: Research Diversified 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Hydrologic Processes at the Earth’s Surface 12\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Basin-Scale Hydrologic Cycle 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Precipitation 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Snowpack Distributions 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, and Potential Evapotranspiration 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Infiltration, Overland Flow, and Interflow 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Simple Approaches to Runoff Estimation 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Stream Flow and the Basin Hydrologic Cycle 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Measuring Stream Discharge 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Hydrograph Shape 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Estimation of Baseflow 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Flood Predictions 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Basic Principles of Groundwater Flow 42\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Porosity of a Soil or Rock 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Occurrence and Flow of Groundwater 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Darcy’s Experimental Law 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Darcy Column Experiments 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Linear Groundwater Velocity or Pore Velocity 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Hydraulic Head 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Components of Hydraulic Head 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Hydraulic Conductivity and Intrinsic Permeability 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Intrinsic Permeability 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Hydraulic Conductivity Estimated from Association with Rock Type 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Empirical Approaches for Estimation 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Darcy’s Equation for Anisotropic Material 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Hydraulic Conductivity in Heterogeneous Media 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Investigating Groundwater Flow 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Water Wells, Piezometers, and Water Table Observation Wells 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Potentiometric Surface Maps 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Water-Level Hydrograph 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.4 Hydrogeological Cross Sections 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Aquifers 69\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Aquifers and Confining Beds 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Transmissive and Storage Properties of Aquifers 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Transmissivity 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Storativity (or Coefficient of Storage) and Specific Storage 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Storage in Confined Aquifers 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Storage in Unconfined Aquifers 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Specific Yield and Specific Retention 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Principal Types of Aquifers 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Aquifers in Unconsolidated Sediments 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Alluvial Fans and Basin Fill Aquifers 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Fluvial Aquifers 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Examples Alluvial Aquifer Systems 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Central Valley Alluvial Aquifer System 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 High Plains Aquifer System 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Indo-Gangetic Basin Alluvial Aquifer System 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.5 Aquifers Associated with Glacial Meltwater 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Aquifers in Semiconsolidated Sediments 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Sandstone Aquifers 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Dakota Sandstone 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Carbonate-Rock Aquifers 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Enhancement of Permeability and Porosity by Dissolution 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 Karst Landscapes 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.3 Floridan Aquifer System 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.4 Edwards-Trinity Aquifer System 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.5 Basin and Range Carbonate Aquifer 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Basaltic and Other Volcanic-Rock Aquifers 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Hydraulic Properties of Granular and Crystalline Media 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.1 Pore Structure and Permeability Development 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Hydraulic Properties of Fractured Media 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.1 Factors Controlling Fracture Development 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Theory of Groundwater Flow 106\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Differential Equations of Groundwater Flow in Saturated Zones 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Useful Knowledge About Differential Equations 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 More About Dimensionality 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Deriving Groundwater Flow Equations 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Boundary Conditions 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Initial Conditions for Groundwater Problems 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Flow-net Analysis 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Flow Nets in Isotropic and Homogeneous Media 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Flow Nets in Heterogeneous Media 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Flow Nets in Anisotropic Media 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Mathematical Analysis of Some Simple Flow Problems 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Groundwater Flow in a Confined Aquifer 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Groundwater Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Groundwater Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer with Recharge 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Theory of Groundwater Flow in Unsaturated Zones and Fractured Media 126\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Basic Concepts of Flow in Unsaturated Zones 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Changes in Moisture Content During Infiltration 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Characteristic Curves 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Water Retention or θ(ψ) Curves 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 K(ψ) Curves 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Moisture Capacity or C(ψ) Curves 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Flow Equation in the Unsaturated Zone 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Infiltration and Evapotranspiration 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Examples of Unsaturated Flow 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Infiltration and Drainage in a Large Caisson 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Unsaturated Leakage from a Ditch 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Groundwater Flow in Fractured Media 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Cubic Law 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Flow in a Set of Parallel Fractures 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Equivalent-Continuum Approach 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Geologic and Hydrogeologic Investigations 144\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Key Drilling and Push Technologies 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Auger Drilling 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Mud\/Air Rotary Drilling 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Direct-Push Rigs 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Piezometers and Water-Table Observation Wells 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Basic Designs for Piezometers and Water-Table Observation Wells 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Installing Piezometers and Water-Table Wells 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Shallow Piezometer in Non-Caving Materials 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Shallow Piezometer in Caving Materials 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Deep Piezometers 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Making Water-Level Measurements 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Geophysics Applied to Site Investigations 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Electric Resistivity Method 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Capacitively Coupled Resistivity Profiling 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Electromagnetic Methods 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Large-Scale, Airborne Electromagnetic Surveys 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.5 Borehole Geophysical and Flow Meter Logging 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.6 Flowmeter Logging 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Groundwater Investigations 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Investigative Methods 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Regional Groundwater Flow 170\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Groundwater Basins 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Mathematical Analysis of Regional Flow 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Water-Table Controls on Regional Groundwater Flow 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Effects of Basin Geology on Groundwater Flow 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Recharge 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Desert Environments 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Semi-Arid Climate and Hummocky Terrain 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Recharge in Structurally Controlled Settings 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Distributed Recharge in Moist Climates 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Approaches for Estimating Recharge 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Discharge 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Inflow to Wetlands, Lakes, and Rivers 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Springs and Seeps 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Evapotranspiration 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Groundwater Surface-Water Interactions 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Freshwater\/Saltwater Interactions 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Locating the Interface 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Upconing of the Interface Caused by Pumping Wells 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Response of Confined Aquifers to Pumping 195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Aquifers and Aquifer Tests 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Units 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Thiem’s Method for Steady-State Flow in a Confined Aquifer 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Interpreting Aquifer Test Data 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Theis Solution for Transient Flow in a Fully Penetrating, Confined Aquifer 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Prediction of Drawdown and Pumping Rate Using the Theis Solution 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Theis Type-Curve Method 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Cooper–Jacob Straight-Line Method 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Distance-Drawdown Method 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Estimating T and S Using Recovery Data 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Leaky Confined Aquifers and Partially-Penetrating Wells 216\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Transient Solution for Flow Without Storage in the Confining Bed 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Interpreting Aquifer-Test Data 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Steady-State Solution 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Transient Solutions for Flow with Storage in Confining Beds 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Effects of Partially Penetrating Wells 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Response of an Unconfined Aquifer to Pumping 236\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Calculation of Drawdowns by Correcting Estimates for a Confined Aquifer 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Determination of Hydraulic Parameters Using Distance\/Drawdown Data 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 A General Solution for Drawdown 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Type-Curve Method 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Straight-Line Method 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Aquifer Testing with a Partially-Penetrating Well 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Slug, Step, and Intermittent Tests 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Hvorslev Slug Test 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Cooper–Bredehoeft–Papadopulos Test 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Bower and Rice Slug Test 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Step and Intermittent Drawdown Tests 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Determination of Transmissivity and Storativity 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Estimating Well Efficiency 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Calculations and Interpretation of Hydraulic Head in Complex Settings 269\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Multiple Wells and Superposition 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Drawdown Superimposed on a Uniform Flow Field 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Replacing a Geologic Boundary with an Image Well 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Impermeable Boundary 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Recharge Boundary 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Multiple Boundaries 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Calculation and Interpretation of Hydraulic Problems Using Computers 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Numerical Models for Groundwater Simulations 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Interpreting Aquifer Tests 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Depletion of Groundwater Resources 283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Water-Level Declines from Overpumping 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Challenges in the Investigation of Water-level Changes 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Land Subsidence 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Conceptual Model 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Terzaghi Principle of Effective Stress 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley of California 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Challenges in the Investigation of Subsidence 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Connected Groundwaters and Surface Waters 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Declines in Streamflow 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Induced Infiltration of Streamflow 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Capture Zone for a Well 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Pumping of the High Plains Aquifer System and Streamflow Reduction 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.5 Streamflow Declines in Beaver-North Canadian River Basin 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.6 Challenges in the Investigation of Streamflow Loss 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Destruction of Riparian Zones 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Seawater Intrusion 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Salinas River Groundwater Basin 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Introduction to Groundwater Modeling 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Conceptual Model 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Model Design 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.3 Model Calibration and Verification 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.4 Predictions in Modeling 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Application of Groundwater Modeling 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Groundwater Management 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 The Case for Groundwater Sustainability 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Groundwater Sustainability Defined 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Sustainability Initiatives 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Sustainability Indicators for the Sierra Vista Subwatershed in Arizona 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Socioeconomic Policies and Instruments 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Overview of Approaches for Sustainable Management 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Indicator Tracking 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Water Balance Analyses 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Model-Based Analyses of Sustainability 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Strategies for Groundwater Sustainability 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Increasing Inflows 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1.1 Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1.2 Traditional MAR Approaches 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1.3 “Sponge City” and Opportunities for Unmanaged Aquifer Recharge 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Reducing Outflows 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2.1 Replacing Groundwater with Surface Water 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2.2 Reduction in Water Used for Irrigation 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Scaling Issues with Sustainability 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Global Warming Vulnerabilities 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Chemical Impacts to Sustainability 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Salinization 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Geogenic and Aenthropogenic Contamination 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Salinity and Contamination—Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) Alluvial Aquifer 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.4 Seawater Intrusion 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Water Quality Assessment 345\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Dissolved Constituents in Groundwater 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Concentration Scales 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Constituents of Interest in Groundwater 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Gases and Particles 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Routine Water Analyses 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Contamination: Expanding the Scope of Chemical Characterization 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3.1 Contaminated Sites 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Comprehensive Surveys of Water Quality 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Water Quality Standards 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Health-Based Screening Levels—USGS 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Secondary Standards for Drinking Water 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Standards for Irrigation Water 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Working with Chemical Data 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Relative Concentration and Health-Based Screening 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Scatter Diagrams and Contour Maps 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Contour Maps 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Piper Diagrams 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Groundwater Sampling 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Selecting Water Supply Wells for Sampling 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Procedures for Water Sampling 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Well Inspection and Measurements 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Well Purging 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Sample Collection, Filtration, and Preservation 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Key Chemical Processes 366\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Overview of Equilibrium and Kinetic Reactions 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Law of Mass Action and Chemical Equilibrium 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Complexities of Actual Groundwater 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.3 Deviations from Equilibrium 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.4 Kinetic Reactions 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Acid–Base Reactions 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Mineral Dissolution\/Precipitation 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Organic Compounds in Water 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Surface Reactions 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Sorption Isotherms 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Sorption of Organic Compounds 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Ion Exchange 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Clay Minerals in Geologic Materials 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.5 Sorption to Oxide and Oxyhydroxide Surfaces 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Kinetics and Dominant Couples 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Biotransformation of Organic Compounds 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.3 pe-pH and E H -pH Diagrams 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.4 Quantifying Redox Conditions in Field Settings 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.5 Redox Zonation 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Microorganisms in Groundwater 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1 Quantifying Microbial Abundances 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.2 Microbial Ecology of the Subsurface 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Isotopes and Applications 395\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 18 O and Deuterium in the Hydrologic Cycle 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Behavior of D and 18 O in Rain 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Variability in 18 O and Deuterium in Groundwater 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Spatial and\/or Temporal Variability of δ 18 O and δD Compositions in Aquifers 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Connate Water in Units with Low Hydraulic Conductivity 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Evaporation and the Meteoric Water Line 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.1 Other Deviations from GMWL 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.2 Illustrative Applications with Deuterium and Oxygen- 18 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.2.1 Role of Wetland in Streamflow 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.2.2 Integrated Study of Recharge Dynamics in a Desert Setting 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Radiogenic Age Dating of Groundwater 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.1 Exploring Old and New Concepts of Age for Groundwater 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.2 Carbon- 14 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.3 Chlorine-36 and Helium-4: Very Old Groundwater 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.4 Tritium 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.5 Categorial Assessments Using Tritium Ages 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Indirect Approaches to Age Dating 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6.1 Isotopically Light Glacial Recharge 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6.2 Chlorofluorocarbons and Sulfur Hexafluoride 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Mass Transport: Principles and Examples 423\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Subsurface Pathways 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Advection 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Dispersion 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Tracer Tests 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Dispersion at Small and Large Scales 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Processes Creating Dispersion 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Statistical Patterns of Mass Spreading 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Measuring, Estimating, and Using Dispersivity Values 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.1 Sources with a Continuous Release 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.2 Available Dispersivity Values 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Dispersion in Fractured Media 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Chemical Processes and Their Impact on Water Chemistry 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8.1 Gas Dissolution and Redistribution 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8.2 Mineral Dissolution\/Precipitation 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8.3 Cation Exchange Reactions 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8.4 Dissolution\/Utilization of Organic Compounds 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8.5 Redox Reactions 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Examples of Reactions Affecting Water Chemistry 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9.1 Chemical Evolution of Groundwater in Carbonate Terrains 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9.2 Shallow Brines in Western Oklahoma 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9.3 Chemistry of Groundwater in an Igneous Terrain 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9.4 Evolution of Shallow Groundwater in an Arid Prairie Setting 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10 A Case Study Highlighting Redox Processes 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10.1 Iron and Manganese 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10.2 Arsenic 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10.3 Nitrate 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10.4 Machine Learning for Mapping Redox Conditions 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Introduction to Contaminant Hydrogeology 452\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Point and Nonpoint Contamination Problems 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Families of Contaminants 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Minor\/Trace Elements 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Nutrients 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.3 Other Inorganic Species 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.4 Organic Contaminants 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.4.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.4.2 Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.4.3 Halogenated Aromatic Compounds 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.4.4 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.4.5 Health Effects 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.5 Biological Contaminants 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.6 Radionuclides 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Presence or Absence of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Roles of Source Loading and Dispersion in Shaping Plumes 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Source Loading 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 How Chemical Reactions Influence Plumes 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.1 Biodegradation of Organic Contaminants 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.2 Degradation of Common Contaminants 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.3 Reactions Influencing Plume Development 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6.1 Features of NAPL Spreading 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6.2 Occurrence of DNAPLs in the Saturated Zone 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6.3 Secondary Contamination Due to NAPLs 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Approaches for the Investigation of Contaminated Sites 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7.1 Preliminary Studies 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7.2 Reconnaissance Geophysics 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7.3 Soil Gas Characterization 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7.4 Distribution of Dissolved Contaminants 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7.5 Plume Maps 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7.6 Mapping the Distribution of NAPLs 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8 Field Example of an LNAPL Problem 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 481\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFranklin W. Schwartz, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor and Ohio Eminent Scholar in Hydrogeology at The Ohio State University in Columbus. He is the co-author of \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Groundwater\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003ePhysical and Chemical Hydrogeology\u003c\/i\u003e. His research interests include groundwater sustainability, geo-environments and health, and water and societies. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHubao Zhang, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e is a software engineer at Rain Bird. He has extensive experience working in environmental consulting and groundwater modeling and is the co-author of \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Groundwater\u003c\/i\u003e.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA thoroughly updated classic on the fundamentals of groundwater\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second edition of \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Groundwater\u003c\/i\u003e delivers an expert discussion of the fundamentals of groundwater in the hydrologic cycle and applications to contemporary problems in hydrogeology. The theme of the book is groundwater, broadly defined, and it covers the theory and practice of groundwater—from basic principles of physical and chemical hydrogeology to their application in traditional and emerging areas of practice. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis new edition contains extensive revisions, including new discussions of human impacts on aquifers, and strategies and concepts for sustainable development of groundwater. It also covers the theory of groundwater flow—including concepts of hydraulic head and the Darcy equation—and ground water\/surface water interactions, as well as geochemistry and contamination. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaders will also find \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to the techniques of water resource investigations and regional groundwater flow\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive explorations of groundwater chemistry and its applications in regional characterization and assessments of health impacts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical discussions of groundwater contamination and water sustainability more generally\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFulsome treatments of newly emerged contaminants, like PFAS, pathogens, agricultural contaminants, methane, arsenic, uranium, and redox processes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in hydrogeology, groundwater, geoscience, applied geoscience, and groundwater and contaminant processes, \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Groundwater\u003c\/i\u003e also benefits environmental consultants, geochemists, engineers, and geologists.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989259665637,"sku":"NP9781119820130","price":93.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119820130.jpg?v=1761783415","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/fundamentals-of-groundwater-isbn-9781119820130","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}