{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-environmental-sampling-and-analysis-isbn-9781119778561","title":"Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis","description":"\u003cb\u003eFundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA fully reworked and updated introduction to the fundamentals and applications of environmental sampling and analysis \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental sampling and analysis are essential components of environmental data acquisition and scientific research. The acquisition of reliable data with respect to proper sampling, chemical and instrumental methodology, and QA\/QC is a critical precursor to all environmental work. No would-be environmental scientist, engineer, or policymaker can succeed without an understanding of how to correctly acquire, assess and use credible data.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis, 2nd edition \u003c\/i\u003eprovides this understanding, with a comprehensive survey of the theory and applications of these critical sampling and analytical tools. The field of environmental research has expanded greatly since the publication of the first edition, and this book has been completely rewritten to reflect the latest studies and technological developments. The resulting mix of theory and practice will continue to serve as the standard introduction to the subject.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReaders of the second edition of \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis \u003c\/i\u003ewill also find:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eThree new chapters and numerous expanded sections on topics of emerging environmental concerns\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetailed discussion of subjects including passive sampling, Raman spectroscopy, non-targeted mass spectroscopic analysis, and many more\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eOver 500 sample problems and solutions along with other supplementary instructional materials\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis \u003c\/i\u003eis ideal for students of environmental science and engineering as well as professionals and regulators for whom reliable environmental data through sampling and analysis is critical.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Case Studies xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Boxes xiv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew in the Second Edition xviii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Author xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhom This Book Is Written For xxii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo the Instructor xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxiv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols xxvi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Environmental Data Acquisition 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Importance of Scientifically Reliable and Legally Defensible Data 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Sampling Error vs. Analytical Error During Data Acquisition 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Environmental Sampling 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Scope of Environmental Sampling 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Where, When, What, How, and How Many 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Environmental Analysis 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Uniqueness of Modern Environmental Analysis 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Classical and Modern Analytical and Monitoring Techniques 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Basics of Analytical and Organic Chemistry 16\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Basic Concepts from Analytical Chemistry 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Concentration Units 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Analytical Precision, Accuracy, and Recovery 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Detection Limit and Quantitation Limit 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 Standard Solution and Standard Calibration Curve 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Basic Concepts from Organic Chemistry 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Types of Organic Functional Groups 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Important Environmental Organic Pollutants 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Physical Properties Relevant to Environmental Analysis 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Regulations Governing the Analysis of Environmental Pollutants 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Basics of Environmental Data Validation and Analysis 55\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Measurements of Central Tendency and Dispersion 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Understanding Probability Distributions 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution and Probability 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Student’s t Distribution and Confidence Interval 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 F-distribution and Analysis of Variance 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Nonparametric Tests When Normality Is Not Satisfied 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Hypothesis Testing and Type I and II Errors 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Detection of Outliers 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 z-test 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Grubbs’s Test 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Dixon’s Test 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Analysis of Censored Data 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Analysis of Spatial and Time Series Data 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Environmental Sampling Design 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Planning and Sampling Protocols 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Data Quality Objectives 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Basic Considerations of Sampling Plan 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Sampling Environmental Population 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Where (Space) and When (Time) to Sample 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Obtain Representative Samples from Various Matrices 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Environmental Sampling Approaches: Where and When 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Non-Statistically Based Haphazard and Judgmental Sampling 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Simple Random Sampling 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Stratified Random Sampling 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Systematic Sampling 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Composite Sampling 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.6 Incremental Sampling 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.7 Line and Point Transect Sampling 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Estimating Sample Numbers and Sampling Frequencies 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 How Many Samples Are Needed 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 How Frequent Samples Are Collected 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Environmental Sampling Techniques 120\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 General Guidelines of Environmental Sampling Techniques 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Sequence of Sampling Matrices and Analytes 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Sample Amount 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Sample Preservation and Storage 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 Selection of Sample Containers 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.5 Selection of Sampling Equipment 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Grab Sampling Techniques for Various Media: Practical Approaches and Tips 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Surface Water and Wastewater Sampling 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Groundwater Sampling 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Soil and Sediment Sampling 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Hazardous Waste Sampling 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Biological Sampling 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 Air and Stack Emission Sampling 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Time-Integrated Sampling and Sensing Techniques 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Passive Samplers 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Automated Samplers 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 In Situ Sensors 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Remote Sensing 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Methodology and Quality Assurance\/Quality Control of Environmental Analysis 159\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Overview on Standard Methodologies 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 The US EPA Methods for Air, Water, Wastewater, and Hazardous Waste 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Other Applicable Methods: APHA\/ASTM\/ OSHA\/NIOSH\/USGS\/AOAC 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 An Overview of Methodologies in Other Countries 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Selection of Standard Methods 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Methods for Sample Preparation 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Methods for Physical, Biological, and General Chemical Parameters 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Methods for Volatile Organic Compounds 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Methods for Semivolatile Organic Compounds 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Methods for Other Contaminants of Emerging Concerns 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Field Quality Assurance\/Quality Control 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Types of Field QA\/QC Samples 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Numbers of Field QA\/QC Samples 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Analytical Quality Assurance\/Quality Control 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Quality Control Procedures for Sample Preparation 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Quality Control Procedures During Analysis 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Wet Chemical and Field Methods for Common Environmental Parameters 191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Basic Operations in Environmental Laboratories 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Labware Cleaning Protocols for Trace Analysis 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Chemical Reagent Purity, Standard, and Reference Materials 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Volumetric Glassware and Calibration 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Laboratory Health, Safety, and Emergency First Aid 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5 Waste Handling and Disposal 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Wet Chemical Methods and Common Techniques in Environmental Analysis 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Gravimetric and Volumetric Wet Chemical Methods 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Common Laboratory Techniques 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Analytical Principles for Common Wet Chemical Methods 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Moisture in Solid and Biological Samples 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Solids in Water, Wastewater, and Sludge: TS, TSS, TDS, TVS 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Hardness of Waters 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Oxygen Demand in Water and Wastewater: DO, BOD, and COD 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Oil and Grease in Water and Wastewater 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 Residual Chlorine and Chloride in Drinking Water 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7 Ammonia in Wastewater 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.8 Cyanide in Water, Wastewater, and Soil Extract 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.9 Sulfide in Water and Waste 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Field Monitoring Testing Kits and Sensors 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Field Monitoring of Water Quality Parameters 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Field Monitoring of Ambient Air Quality 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Field Monitoring of Soil Quality 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Fundamentals of Sample Preparation for Environmental Analysis 229\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Overview of Sample Preparation 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Purpose of Sample Preparation 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Overview and Recent Development of Sample Preparation 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Sample Preparation for Metal Analysis 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Total Metals and Metals in Various Species 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Digestion Methods for Total Metal Analysis 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Speciation of Metals in Water, Soil, and Sediment 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Extraction for SVOC and Non-VOC from Liquid or Solid Samples 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Separatory Funnel and Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Soxhlet and Automatic Soxhlet Extraction (Soxtec) 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Solid Phase Extraction 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Solid Phase Microextraction and Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Ultrasonic Extraction and Microwave-Assisted Extraction 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.6 Pressured Fluid Extraction 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.8 Comparison and Selection of Organic Extraction Methods 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Sample Preparation for VOC in Liquid and Solid Samples 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Dynamic Headspace Extraction (Purge-and-Trap) 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Static Headspace Extraction 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Azeotropic and Vacuum Distillation 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Post-Extraction Cleanup of Organic Compounds 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Theories and Operation Principles of Various Cleanup Methods 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Recommended Cleanup Method for Selected Compounds 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Derivatization for GC and HPLC Analysis 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Molecular Spectroscopic Methods in Environmental Analysis 264\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 An Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Understanding the Interactions of Various Radiations with Matter 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Use of UV-Visible\/Infrared Absorption Spectra for Qualitative Analysis 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Use of Beer-Lambert’s Law for Quantitative Analysis 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Principles of UV-Visible Spectroscopy 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 UV-Visible Instrumentation 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 UV-Visible as a Workhorse in Environmental Analysis 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Practical Aspects of UV-Visible Spectrometry 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Principles of Infrared Spectroscopy 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Instruments of Infrared Spectroscopy 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Applications in Industrial Hygiene and Air Pollution Monitoring 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Sample Preparations for Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Raman Spectrometry 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Photoluminescence and Chemiluminescence 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Atomic Spectroscopy for Metal Analysis 306\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction to the Principles of Atomic Spectroscopy 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Flame and Flameless Atomic Absorption 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Atomic X-ray Fluorescence 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Instruments for Atomic Spectroscopy 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Flame and Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Cold Vapor and Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Atomic X-ray Fluorescence 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Selection of the Proper Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Comparison of Detection Limits and Working Range 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Comparison of Interferences 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Other Considerations 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Speciation of Metals in Environmental Samples 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Practical Tips to Metal Analysis 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Sample Digestion and Pretreatment 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Instrumental Drift and Run Sequence QA\/QC 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Erroneous Data and Methods of Calibrations 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Results Calculation and Reporting 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Chromatographic Methods for Environmental Analysis 336\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction to Chromatography 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Types of Chromatography and Separation Columns 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Common Stationary Phases: The Key to Separation 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Column Dimensions and Packing 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4 Operational Parameters for Compound Separation 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5 Terms and Theories of Chromatogram 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.6 Use of Chromatograms for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Instruments of Chromatographic Methods 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Gas Chromatography 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Ion Chromatography 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Common Detectors for Chromatography 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Detectors for Gas Chromatography 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Detectors for High Performance Liquid Chromatography 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Detectors for Ion Chromatography 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Applications of Chromatographic Methods in Environmental Analysis 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Gases, Volatile, and Semivolatile Organics with GC 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Semivolatile and Nonvolatile Organics with HPLC 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Ionic Species with Ion Chromatography 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Practical Tips to Chromatographic Methods 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 What Can and Cannot Be Done with GC and HPLC 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Development for GC and HPLC Methods 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Overview on Maintenance and Troubleshooting 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Electrochemical Methods for Environmental Analysis 385\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Theories 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Review of Redox Chemistry and Electrochemical Cells 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 General Principles of Electroanalytical Methods 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Types of Electrodes and Notations for Electrochemical Cells 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Potentiometric Applications in Environmental Analysis 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Measurement of pH 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Measurement of Ions by Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Potentiometric Titration (Indirect Potentiometry) 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Voltammetric Applications in Environmental Analysis 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Measurement of Anions by Amperometric Titration 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Measurement of Metals by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis 411\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Basics of Mass Spectrometry 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Atomic and Molecular Mass in Mass Spectrometry 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Basic Components of Mass Spectrometers 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Ionization Techniques 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Hard Ionization: Electron Ionization 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Chemical Ionization 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Atmospheric Pressure Ionization 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5 Other Molecular Ionization Methods 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.6 Atomic Ionization Sources for Inorganic Compounds 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Mass Analyzers 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Quadrupole Analyzers 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Ion Trap 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Time-of-Flight Analyzers 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Magnetic Sector Analyzers 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5 Tandem, Sequential, and Hybrid Mass Spectrometry 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Hyphenated Mass Spectrometric Methods 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Hyphenated Atomic Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Hyphenated Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Hyphenated Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Mass Spectra and Molecule Fragmentation 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Terminologies of Mass Spectrum 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Isotopic Peaks 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Fragmentation Patterns 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Molecular Ions upon Soft Ionization 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Mass Spectrometric Applications in Environmental Analysis 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Targeted Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Non-Targeted Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Other Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis 459\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Instrument Components of an NMR Spectrometer 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 The Origin of NMR Signals 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.3 Molecular Structures and 1 H NMR Spectra 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4 Molecular Structures and 13 C NMR Spectra 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.5 Applications of NMR in Environmental Analysis 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Surface and Microscopic Characterization 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 An Overview of Various Surface Characterization Techniques 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Electron Microscopy: SEM and TEM 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.5 Scanning Probe Microscopes: STM and AFM 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Radiochemical Analysis 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Sources and Properties of Several Important Radionuclides 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Preservation of Radioactive Samples 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Measurement of Radioactive Samples 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Screening Methods Using Immunoassay 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Themes 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A: Common Abbreviations and Acronyms 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B1: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B2: National Ambient Air Quality Standards 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix C: Structures and Properties of Important Organic Pollutants 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix D1: Standard Normal Cumulative Probabilities 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix D2: Percentiles of Student’s t Distribution 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix D3: Critical Values for the F-Distribution 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix E: Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix F: Answers to Selected Questions and Problems 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix G: Periodic Table 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 538\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChunlong (Carl) Zhang, PhD,\u003c\/b\u003e Professor of Environmental Science at the College of Science and Engineering, University of Houston - Clear Lake, Texas, USA. He is also a registered professional engineer (PE) in the field of environmental engineering, and has published extensively on environmental analysis and contaminant remediation.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA fully reworked and updated introduction to the fundamentals and applications of environmental sampling and analysis \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental sampling and analysis are essential components of environmental data acquisition and scientific research. The acquisition of reliable data with respect to proper sampling, chemical and instrumental methodology, and QA\/QC is a critical precursor to all environmental work. No would-be environmental scientist, engineer, or policymaker can succeed without an understanding of how to correctly acquire, assess and use credible data.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis, 2nd edition \u003c\/i\u003eprovides this understanding, with a comprehensive survey of the theory and applications of these critical sampling and analytical tools. The field of environmental research has expanded greatly since the publication of the first edition, and this book has been completely rewritten to reflect the latest studies and technological developments. The resulting mix of theory and practice will continue to serve as the standard introduction to the subject.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReaders of the second edition of \u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis \u003c\/i\u003ewill also find:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eThree new chapters and numerous expanded sections on topics of emerging environmental concerns\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetailed discussion of subjects including passive sampling, Raman spectroscopy, non-targeted mass spectroscopic analysis, and many more\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eOver 500 sample problems and solutions along with other supplementary instructional materials\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eFundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis \u003c\/i\u003eis ideal for students of environmental science and engineering as well as professionals and regulators for whom reliable environmental data through sampling and analysis is critical.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989259043045,"sku":"NP9781119778561","price":132.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119778561.jpg?v=1761783413","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/fundamentals-of-environmental-sampling-and-analysis-isbn-9781119778561","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}