{"product_id":"foam-engineering-isbn-9780470660805","title":"Foam Engineering","description":"Containing contributions from leading academic and industrial researchers, this book provides a much needed update of foam science research.    \u003cp\u003eThe first section of the book presents an accessible summary of the theory and fundamentals of foams. This includes chapters on morphology, drainage, Ostwald ripening, coalescence, rheology, and pneumatic foams.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second section demonstrates how this theory is used in a wide range of industrial applications, including foam fractionation, froth flotation and foam mitigation. It includes chapters on suprafroths, flotation of oil sands, foams in enhancing petroleum recovery, Gas-liquid Mass Transfer in foam, foams in glass manufacturing, fire-fighting foam technology and consumer product foams.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKey features:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e \u003cli\u003eFoam fractionation is an exciting and emerging technology, starting to gain significant attention\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscusses a vital topic for many industries, especially mineral processing, petroleum engineering, bioengineering, consumer products  and food sector\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eLinks foam science theory to industrial applications, making it accessible to an engineering science audience\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSummarizes the latest developments in this rapidly progressing area of research\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eContains contributions from leading international researchers from academia and industry\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e  \u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbout the Editor\u003c\/i\u003e xv\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eContributors\u003c\/i\u003e xvii\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003ePreface\u003c\/i\u003e xix\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Stevenson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Gas–Liquid Foam in Products and Processes 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Content of This Volume 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 A Personal View of Collaboration in Foam Research 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Fundamentals 5\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Foam Morphology 7\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eD. Weaire, S.T. Tobin, A.J. Meagher and S. Hutzler\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Basic Rules of Foam Morphology 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Foams, Wet and Dry 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 The Dry Limit 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 The Wet Limit 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Between the Two Limits 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Two-dimensional Foams 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 The Dry Limit in 2D 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 The Wet Limit in 2D 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Between the Two Limits in 2D 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Ordered Foams 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Two Dimensions 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1.1 The 2D Honeycomb Structure 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1.2 2D Dry Cluster 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1.3 2D Confinement 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Three Dimensions 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2.1 3D Dry Foam 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2.2 3D Wet Foam 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2.3 Ordered Columnar Foams 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Disordered Foams 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Statistics of 3D Foams 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Structures in Transition: Instabilities and Topological Changes 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Other Types of Foams 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Emulsions 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Biological Cells 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.3 Solid Foams 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Conclusions 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Foam Drainage 27\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eStephan A. Koehler\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Geometric Considerations 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 A Drained Foam 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 The Continuity Equation 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Interstitial Flow 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Forced Drainage 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Rigid Interfaces and Neglecting Nodes: The Original Foam Drainage Equation 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Mobile Interfaces and Neglecting Nodes 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Neglecting Channels: The Node-dominated Model 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 The Network Model: Combining Nodes and Channels 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 The Carman–Kozeny Approach 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Interpreting Forced Drainage Experiments: A Detailed Look 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Unresolved Issues 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 A Brief History of Foam Drainage 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Foam Ripening 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eOlivier Pitois\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 The Very Wet Limit 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 The Very Dry Limit 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Inter-bubble Gas Diffusion through Thin Films 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 von Neumann Ripening for 2D Foams 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 3D Coarsening 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Wet foams 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Controlling the Coarsening Rate 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Gas Solubility 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Resistance to Gas Permeation 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Shell Mechanical Strength 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Bulk Modulus 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Coalescence in Foams 75\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnnie Colin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Stability of Isolated Thin Films 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Experimental Studies Dealing with Isolated Thin Liquid Films 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Theoretical Description of the Rupture of an Isolated Thin Liquid Film 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Structure and Dynamics of Foam Rupture 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 What Are the Key Parameters in the Coalescence Process? 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 How Do We Explain the Existence of a Critical Liquid Fraction? 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusion 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Foam Rheology 91\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eNikolai D. Denkov, Slavka S. Tcholakova, Reinhard Höhler\u003c\/i\u003e \u003ci\u003eand Sylvie Cohen-Addad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Main Experimental and Theoretical Approaches 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Foam Visco-elasticity 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Linear Elasticity 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.1 Monodisperse Dry Foam 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.2 Effects of Bubble Polydispersity and Liquid Content 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Non-linear Elasticity 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Linear Relaxations 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.1 Slow Relaxation 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.2 Fast Relaxation 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Shear Modulus of Particle-laden Foams 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Yielding 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Plastic Flow 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Viscous Dissipation in Steadily Sheared Foams 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Predominant Viscous Friction in the Foam Films 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Predominant Viscous Friction in the Surfactant Adsorption Layer 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Foam–Wall Viscous Friction 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Conclusions 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Particle Stabilized Foams 121\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eG. Kaptay and N. Babcsán\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 A Summary of Some Empirical Observations 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 On the Thermodynamic Stability of Particle Stabilized Foams 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 On the Ability of Particles to Stabilize Foams during Their Production 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Design Rules for Particle Stabilized Foams 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusions 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Pneumatic Foam 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Stevenson and Xueliang Li\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Preamble 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Vertical Pneumatic Foam 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Introduction 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 The Hydrodynamics of Vertical Pneumatic Foam 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.1 Pneumatic Foam with Constant Bubble Size Distribution 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.2 The Introduction of Capillary Forces to Give a Liquid Fraction Profile 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.3 Liquid Fraction Profile with Changing Bubble Size Distribution with Height 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.4 Addition of Washwater to a Pneumatic Foam 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 The ‘Vertical Foam Misapprehension’ 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Bubble Size Distributions in Foam 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Non-overflowing Pneumatic Foam 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 The Influence of Humidity upon Pneumatic Foam with a Free Surface 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.7 Wet Pneumatic Foam and Flooding 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.8 Shear Stress Imparted by the Column Wall 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.9 Changes in Flow Cross-Sectional Area 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Horizontal Flow of Pneumatic Foam 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Introduction 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Lemlich’s Observations 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Wall-slip and Velocity Profiles 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Horizontal Flow Regimes 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Pneumatic Foam in Inclined Channels 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Methods of Pneumatic Foam Production 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Non-aqueous Foams: Formation and Stability 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLok Kumar Shrestha and Kenji Aramaki\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Foam Formation and Structures 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Foam Stability 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Phase Behavior of Diglycerol Fatty Acid Esters in Oils 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Non-aqueous Foaming Properties 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Effect of Solvent Molecular Structure 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Effect of Surfactant Concentration 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.1 Particle Size Distribution 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.2 Rheological Properties of Particle Dispersion 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.3 Equilibrium Surface Tension 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Effect of Hydrophobic Chain Length of Surfactant 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3.1 Foaming of C12G2 in Liquid Paraffin, Squalene, and Squalane 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3.2 Foaming of C12G2 in Olive Oil 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Effect of Headgroup Size of Surfactant 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Effect of Temperature 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Effect of Water Addition 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6.1 Effect of Water on Foamability 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6.2 Effect of Water on Foam Stability 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.7 Non-aqueous Foam Stabilization Mechanism 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Conclusion 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Suprafroth: Ageless Two-dimensional Electronic Froth 207\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eRuslan Prozorov and Paul C. Canfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 The Intermediate State in Type-I Superconductors 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Observation and Study of the Tubular Intermediate State Patterns 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Structural Statistical Analysis of the Suprafroth 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Applications 227\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Froth Phase Phenomena in Flotation 229\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Stevenson and Noel W.A. Lambert\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Froth Stability 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Hydrodynamic Condition of the Froth 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Detachment of Particles from Bubbles 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Gangue Recovery 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 The Velocity Field of the Froth Bubbles 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Plant Experience of Froth Flotation 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Introduction 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Frother-constrained Plant 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3 Sampling, Data Manipulation and Data Presentation 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.4 Process Control 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.5 The Assessment of Newly Proposed Flotation Equipment 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.6 Conclusions about Froth Flotation Drawn from Plant Experience 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Froth Flotation of Oil Sand Bitumen 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLaurier L. Schramm and Randy J. Mikula\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Oil Sands 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Mining and Slurrying 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Froth Structure 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Physical Properties of Froths 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Froth Treatment 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Conclusion 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Foams in Enhancing Petroleum Recovery 283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLaurier L. Schramm and E. Eddy Isaacs\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Foam Applications for the Upstream Petroleum Industry 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Selection of Foam-Forming Surfactants 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Foam Applications in Wells and Near Wells 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Drilling and Completion Foams 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Well Stimulation Foams: Fracturing, Acidizing, and Unloading 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Foam Applications in Reservoir Processes 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Reservoir Recovery Background 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.1 Sweep Efficiency 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.2 Capillary Trapping 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Foam Applications in Primary and Secondary Oil Recovery 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Foam Applications in Enhanced (Tertiary) Oil Recovery 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3.1 Foams in Carbon Dioxide Flooding 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3.2 Foams in Hydrocarbon Flooding 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3.3 Foams in Steam Flooding 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Occurrences of Foams at the Surface and Downstream 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Conclusion 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Foam Fractionation 307\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eXueliang Li and Paul Stevenson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Adsorption in Foam Fractionation 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Adsorption Kinetics at Quiescent Interface 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Adsorption at Dynamic Interfaces 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Foam Drainage 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Coarsening and Foam Stability 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Foam Fractionation Devices and Process Intensification 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Limitations of Conventional Columns 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Process Intensification Devices 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2.1 Adsorption Enhancement Methods 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2.2 Drainage Enhancement Methods 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Concluding Remarks about Industrial Practice 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer in Foam 331\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Stevenson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Non-Overflowing Pneumatic Foam Devices 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Overflowing Pneumatic Foam Devices 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 The Waldhof Fermentor 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Induced Air Methods 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Horizontal Foam Contacting 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Calculation of Specific Interfacial Area in Foam 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Hydrodynamics of Pneumatic Foam 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Mass Transfer and Equilibrium Considerations 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1 Gas–Liquid Equilibrium 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.2 Rate of Mass Transfer 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.3 Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficient 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Towards an Integrated Model of Foam Gas–Liquid Contactors 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Discussion and Future Directions 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Foams in Glass Manufacturing 355\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLaurent Pilon\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 The Glass Melting Process 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Melting Chemistry and Refining 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2.1 Redox State of Glass 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2.2 Melting Chemistry 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2.3 Refining Chemistry 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2.4 Reduced-pressure Refining 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.3 Motivations 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Glass Foams in Glass Melting Furnaces 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Primary Foam 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Secondary Foam 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Reboil 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Parameters Affecting Glass Foaming 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Physical Phenomena 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Glass Foam Physics 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1.1 Mechanisms of Foam Formation 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1.2 Glass Foam Morphology 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Surface Active Agents and Surface Tension of Gas\/Melt Interface 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Drainage and Stability of a Single Molten Glass Film 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Gas Bubbles in Molten Glass 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4.1 Bubble Nucleation 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4.2 Stability of a Single Bubble at the Glassmelt Surface 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4.3 Bubble Rise through Molten Glass 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Experimental Studies 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Introduction 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Transient Primary and Secondary Glass Foams 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2.2 Experimental Observations 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Steady-state Glass Foaming by Gas Injection 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3.2 Experimental Observations and Foaming Regimes 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3.3 Onset of Glass Foaming 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3.4 Steady-state Foam Thickness 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Modeling 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Introduction 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Dynamic Foam Growth and Decay 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2.1 Foaming by Thermal Decomposition 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2.2 Foaming by Gas Injection 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 Steady-State Glass Foams 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3.1 Onset of Foaming 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3.2 Steady-state Foam Thickness 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.4 Experiments and Model Limitations 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Measures for Reducing Glass Foaming in Glass Melting Furnaces 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Batch Composition 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Batch Conditioning and Heating 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Furnace Temperature 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.4 External and Temporary Actions 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.5 Atmosphere Composition and Flame Luminosity 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.6 Control Foaming in Reduced-Pressure Refining 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Perspective and Future Research Directions 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Fire-Fighting Foam Technology 411\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas J. Martin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 History 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Applications 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Foam Market 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Hardware 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Physical Properties 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Mechanism of Action 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Class A Foams 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Class B Foams 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Chemical Properties 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Ingredients and Purpose 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1.1 Water 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1.2 Organic Solvents 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1.3 Hydrocarbon Surfactants 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1.4 Fluorosurfactants 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1.5 Polymers 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1.6 Salts, Buffers, Preservatives and Other Additives 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Example Recipes 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Testing 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1 Lab Test Methods 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.1 Expansion and Quarter Drain Time 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.2 pH 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.3 Specific Gravity (SG) 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.4 Refractive Index (RI) 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.5 Brookfield Viscosity 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.6 Film Formation 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.7 Surface Tension (ST), Interfacial Tension (IFT), Spreading Coefficient (SC), and Critical Micelle\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration (CMC) 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.8 Proportioning Rate 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.9 Deluge-Resistance Time 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.10 Degree of Surfactant Retention in Foam 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1.11 Drave’s Wetting Rate 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.2 Fire Test Standards 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.2.1 UL 162 Fire Tests 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 The Future 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Foams in Consumer Products 459\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePeter J. Martin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.1 Foams and Consumer Appeal 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2 Market Descriptions and Directions 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.3 The Scope of This Chapter 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Creation and Structure 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Surfactants and Their Application 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Creation 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Growth 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.4 Application of structure 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.5 Maintenance of Structure 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.6 Summary 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Sensory Appeal 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Visual 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Auditory 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Mouth Feel 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.4 Summary 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Conclusions 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eIndex\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eDr Paul Stevenson\u003c\/b\u003e is Senior Lecturer at the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Paul has a First Class Chemical Engineering degree, and a PhD from the University of Cambridge. Paul has worked in the field of foam and its industrial applications for eight years, and has published extensively on the fundamentals of foam science and the use of foams in flotation and fractionation.  Foam is a gas-liquid multiphase mixture that has several unique properties, such as high specific surface area and high expansion ratio. These properties can be harnessed in a wide variety of process applications and products such and froth flotation, fire-fighting and bread manufacture.  \u003cp\u003eDivided into two sections, the chapters describe first the physical nature or behaviour of gas-liquid foam, and then process or product applications of foam. It includes coverage of:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e \u003cli\u003eFoam morphology in two- and three- dimensions\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFoam drainage\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eChanges in bubble size by coalescence and ripening\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFoam rheology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePneumatic and particle-stabilised foams\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNon aqueous foams, and ‘Suprafroths’\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFroth phase phenomena in mineral flotation and oil sand processing\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFoams for enhanced mass transfer in fermentation processes\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFoams in glass manufacturing, enhanced oil recovering, fire-fighting and consumer products\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinking the theory of foam science to industrial applications, \u003ci\u003eFoam Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications\u003c\/i\u003e summarises the state-of-the art of gas-liquid foam knowledge written by research leaders from academia and industry, and provides an accessible resource for those with an academic or practical interest in foam alike.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989224702181,"sku":"NP9780470660805","price":209.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470660805.jpg?v=1761783275","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/foam-engineering-isbn-9780470660805","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}