{"product_id":"evolution-isbn-9781405103459","title":"Evolution","description":"\u003cp\u003eMark Ridley's \u003ci\u003eEvolution\u003c\/i\u003e has become the premier undergraduate text in the study of evolution. Readable and stimulating, yet well-balanced and in-depth, this text tells the story of evolution, from the history of the study to the most revent developments in evolutionary theory.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe third edition of this successful textbook features updates and extensive new coverage. The sections on adaptation and diversity have been reorganized for improved clarity and flow, and a completely updated section on the evolution of sex and the inclusion of more plant examples have all helped to shape this new edition. \u003ci\u003eEvolution\u003c\/i\u003e also features strong, balanced coverage of population genetics, and scores of new applied plant and animal examples make this edition even more accessible and engaging.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eDedicated website – provides an interactive experience of the book, with illustrations downloadable to PowerPoint, and a full supplemental package complementing the book – www.blackwellpublishing.com\/ridley.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMargin icons – indicate where there is relevant information included in the dedicated website.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTwo new chapters – one on evolutionary genomics and one on evolution and development bring state-of-the-art information to the coverage of evolutionary study.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTwo kinds of boxes – one featuring practical applications and the other related information, supply added depth without interrupting the flow of the text.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMargin comments – paraphrase and highlight key concepts.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStudy and review questions – help students review their understanding at the end of each chapter, while new challenge questions prompt students to synthesize the chapter concepts to reinforce the learning at a deeper level.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e  Preface. \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I: Introduction.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. The Rise Of Evolutionary Biology.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution Means Change In Living Things By Descent With Modification.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving Things Show Adaptations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Short History Of Evolutionary Biology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Molecular And Mendelian Genetics.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInheritance Is Caused By DNA Molecules, Which Are Physically Passed From Parent To Offspring.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA Structurally Encodes Information Used To Build The Body’s Proteins.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation In DNA Is Decoded By Transcription And Translation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge Amounts Of Non-Coding DNA Exist In Some Species.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMutational Errors May Occur During DNA Replication.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRates Of Mutation Can Be Measured.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploid Organisms Inherit A Double Set Of Genes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenes Are Inherited In Characteristic Mendelian Ratios.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDarwin’s Theory Would Probably Not Work If There Was A Non-Mendelian Blending Mechanism Of Heredity.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. The Evidence For Evolution.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe Distinguish Three Possible Theories Of The History Of Life.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn A Small Scale, Evolution Can Be Observed In Action.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution Can Also Be Produced Experimentally.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterbreeding And Phenotypic Similarity Provide Two Concepts Of Species.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRing “Species” Show That The Variation Within A Species Can Be Extensive Enough To Produce A New Species.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew, Reproductively Distinct Species Can Be Produced Experimentally.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall-Scale Observations Can Be Extrapolated Over The Long Term.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups Of Living Things Have Homologous Similarities.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent Homologies Are Correlated, And Can Be Hierarchically Classified.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFossil Evidence Exists For The Transformation Of Species.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Order Of The Main Groups In The Fossil Record Suggests They Have Evolutionary Relationships.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Of The Evidence For Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreationism Offers No Explanation Of Adaptation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModern “Scientific Creationism” Is Scientifically Untenable.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Natural Selection And Variation.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Nature, There Is A Struggle For Existence.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Selection Operates If Some Conditions Are Met.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Selection Explains Both Evolution And Adaptation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Selection Can Be Directional, Stabilizing, Or Disruptive.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariation In Natural Populations Is Widespread.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganisms In A Population Vary In Reproductive Success.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Variation Is Generated By Mutation And Recombination.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Variation Created By Recombination And Mutation Is Random With Respect To The Direction Of Adaptation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II: Evolutionary Genetics.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. The Theory Of Natural Selection.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation Genetics Is Concerned With Genotype And Gene Frequencies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Elementary Population Genetic Model Has Four Main Steps.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotype Frequencies In The Absence Of Selection Go To The Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe Can Test, By Simple Observation, Whether Genotypes In A Population Are At The Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hardy–Weinberg Theorem Is Important Conceptually, Historically, In Practical Research, And In The Workings Of Theoretical Models.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Simplest Model Of Selection Is For One Favored Allele At One Locus.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Model Of Selection Can Be Applied To The Peppered Moth.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePesticide Resistance In Insects Is An Example Of Natural Selection.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFitnesses Are Important Numbers In Evolutionary Theory And Can Be Estimated By Three Main Methods.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Selection Operating On A Favored Allele At A Single Locus Is Not Meant To Be A General Model Of Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Recurrent Disadvantageous Mutation Will Evolve To A Calculable Equilibrial Frequency.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterozygous Advantage.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fitness Of A Genotype May Depend On Its Frequency.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubdivided Populations Require Special Population Genetic Principles.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Random Events In Population Genetics.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Frequency Of Alleles Can Change At Random Through Time In A Process Called Genetic Drift.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Small Founder Population May Have A Non-Representative Sample Of The Ancestral Population’s Genes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne Gene Can Be Substituted For Another By Random Drift.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHardy–Weinberg “Equilibrium” Assumes The Absence Of Genetic Drift.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral Drift Over Time Produces A March To Homozygosity.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Calculable Amount Of Polymorphism Will Exist In A Population Because Of Neutral Mutation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation Size And Effective Population Size.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questionss.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Natural Selection And Random Drift In Molecular Evolution.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom Drift And Natural Selection Can Both Hypothetically Explain Molecular Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRates Of Molecular Evolution And Amounts Of Genetic Variation Can Be Measured.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRates Of Molecular Evolution Are Arguably Too Constant For A Process Controlled By Natural Selection.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Molecular Clock Shows A Generation Time Effect.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nearly Neutral Theory.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolutionary Rate And Functional Constraint.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion And Comment: The Neutralist Paradigm Shift.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenomic Sequences Have Led To New Ways Of Studying Molecular Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion: 35 Years Of Research On Molecular Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. Two-Locus And Multilocus Population Genetics.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMimicry In Papilio Is Controlled By More Than One Genetic Locus.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotypes At Different Loci In Papilio Memnon Are Coadapted.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMimicry In Heliconius Is Controlled By More Than One Gene, But They Are Not Tightly Linked.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo-Locus Genetics Is Concerned With Haplotype Frequencies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequencies Of Haplotypes May Or May Not Be In Linkage Equilibrium.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman HLA Genes Are A Multilocus Gene System.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinkage Disequilibrium Can Exist For Several Reasons.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo-Locus Models Of Natural Selection Can Be Built.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHitch-Hiking Occurs In Two-Locus Selection Models.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelective Sweeps Can Provide Evidence Of Selection In DNA Sequences.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinkage Disequilibrium Can Be Advantageous, Neutral, Or Disadvantageous.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWright Invented The Influential Concept Of An Adaptive Topography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Shifting Balance Theory Of Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. Quantitative Genetics.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimatic Changes Have Driven The Evolution Of Beak Size In One Of Darwin’s Finches.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative Genetics Is Concerned With Characters Controlled By Large Numbers Of Genes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariation Is First Divided Into Genetic And Environmental Effects.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance Of A Character Is Divided Into Genetic And Environmental Effects.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelatives Have Similar Genotypes, Producing The Correlation Between Relatives.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeritability Is The Proportion Of Phenotypic Variance That Is Additive.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Character's Heritability Determines Its Response To Artificial Selection.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrength Of Selection Has Been Estimated In Many Studies Of Natural Populations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelations Between Genotype And Phenotype May Be Non-Linear, Producing Remarkable Responses To Selection.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStabilizing Selection Reduces The Genetic Variability Of A Character.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacters In Natural Populations Subject To Stabilizing Selection Show Genetic Variation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevels Of Genetic Variation In Natural Populations Are Imperfectly Understood.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III: Adaptation And Natural Selection.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. Adaptive Explanation.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Selection Is The Only Known Explanation For Adaptation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePluralism Is Appropriate In The Study Of Evolution, Not Of Adaptation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Selection Can In Principle Explain All Known Adaptations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Adaptations Evolve In Continuous Stages From Pre Existing Adaptations, But The Continuity Takes Various Forms.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetics Of Adaptation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree Main Methods Are Used To Study Adaptation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptations In Nature Are Not Perfect.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Can We Recognize Adaptations?.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11. The Units Of Selection.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Entities Benefit From The Adaptations Produced By Selection?.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Selection Has Produced Adaptations That Benefit Various Levels Of Organization.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother Sense Of “Unit Of Selection” Is The Entity Whose Frequency Is Adjusted Directly By Natural Selection.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Two Senses Of “Unit Of Selection” Are Compatible; One Specifies The Entity That Generally Shows Phenotypic Adaptations, The Other The Entity Whose Frequency Is Generally Adjusted By Natural Selection.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12. Adaptations In Sexual Reproduction.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Existence Of Sex Is An Outstanding, Unsolved Problem In Evolutionary Biology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere Are Two Main Theories In Which Sex May Have A Short-Term Advantage.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion: It Is Uncertain How Sex Is Adaptive.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Theory Of Sexual Selection Explains Many Differences Between Males And Females.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sex Ratio Is A Well Understood Adaptation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent Adaptations Are Understood In Different Levels Of Detail.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV: Evolution And Diversity.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13. Species Concepts And Intraspecific Variation.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Practice Species Are Recognized And Defined By Phenetic Characters.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral Closely Related Species Concepts Exist.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolating Barriers.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic Variation Within A Species Can Be Understood In Terms Of Population Genetic And Ecological Processes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Population Thinking” And “Typological Thinking” Are Two Ways Of Thinking About Biological Diversity.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological Influences On The Form Of A Species Are Shown By The Phenomenon Of Character Displacement.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Controversial Issues Exist Between The Phenetic, Biological, And Ecological Species Concepts.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxonomic Concepts May Be Nominalist Or Realist.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14. Speciation.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Can One Species Split Into Two Reproductively Isolated Groups Of Organisms?.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Newly Evolving Species Could Theoretically Have An Allopatric, Parapatric, Or Sympatric Geographic Relation With Its Ancestor.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproductive Isolation Can Evolve As A By-Product Of Divergence In Allopatric Populations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dobzhansky–Muller Theory Of Postzygotic Isolation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Interim Conclusion: Two Solid Generalizations About Speciation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReinforcement.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Plant Species Have Originated By Hybridization.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeciation May Occur In Non-Allopatric Populations, Either Parapatrically Or Sympatrically.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParapatric Speciation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSympatric Speciation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Influence Of Sexual Selection In Speciation Is One Current Trend In Research.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification Of Genes That Cause Reproductive Isolation Is Another Current Trend In Research.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15. The Reconstruction Of Phylogeny.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhylogenies Express The Ancestral Relations Between Species.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhyogenies Are Inferred From Morphological Characters Using Cladistic Techniques.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomologies Provide Reliable Evidence For Phylogenetic Inference, And Homoplasies Provide Unreliable Evidence.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomologies Can Be Distinguished From Homoplasies By Several Criteria.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDerived Homologies Are More Reliable Indicators Of Phylogenetic Relations Than Are Ancestral Homologies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Polarity Of Character States Can Be Inferred By Several Techniques.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Character Conflict May Remain After Cladistic Character Analysis Is Complete.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular Sequences Are Becoming Increasingly Important In Phylogenetic Inference, And They Have Distinct Properties.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral Statistical Techniques Exist To Infer Phylogenies From Molecular Sequences.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular Phylogenetics In Action.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral Problems Have Been Encountered In Molecular Phylogenetics.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParalogous Genes Can Be Used To Root Unrooted Trees.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular Evidence Successfully Challenged Paleontological Evidence In The Analysis Of Human Phylogenetic Relations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnrooted Trees Can Be Inferred From Other Kinds Of Evidence, Such As Chromosomal Inversions In Hawaiian Fruitflies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16. Classification And Evolution.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiologists Classify Species Into A Hierarchy Of Groups.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere Are Phenetic And Phylogenetic Principles Of Classification.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere Are Phenetic, Cladistic, And Evolutionary Schools Of Classification.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Method Is Needed To Judge The Merit Of A School Of Classification.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenetic Classification Uses Distance Measures And Cluster Statistics.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic Classification Uses Inferred Phylogenetic Relations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolutionary Classification Is A Synthesis Of Phenetic And Phylogenetic Principles.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Principle Of Divergence Explains Why Phylogeny Is Hierarchical.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17. Evolutionary Biogeography.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies Have Defined Geographic Distributions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological Characteristics Of A Species Limit Its Geographic Distribution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic Distributions Are Influenced By Dispersal.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic Distributions Are Influenced By Climate, Such As In The Ice Ages.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal Adaptive Radiations Occur On Island Archipelagos.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies Of Large Geographic Areas Tend To Be More Closely Related To Other Local Species Than To Ecologically Similar Species Elsewhere In The Globe.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic Distributions Are Influenced By Vicariance Events, Some Of Which Are Caused By Plate Tectonic Movement.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Great American Interchange.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V: Macroevolution.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18. The History Of Life.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFossils Are Remains Of Organisms From The Past And Are Preserved In Sedimentary Rocks.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeological Time Is Divided Into A Series Of Eras, Periods, And Epochs.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cambrian Explosion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution Of Land Plants.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertebrate Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacroevolution May Or May Not Be An Extrapolated Form Of Microevolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19. Evolutionary Genomics.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur Expanding Knowledge Of Genome Sequences Is Making It Possible To Ask, And Answer, Questions About The Evolution Of Genomes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Human Genome Documents The History Of The Human Gene Set Since Early Life.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe History Of Duplications Can Be Inferred In A Genomic Sequence.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenome Size Can Shrink By Gene Loss.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbiotic Mergers, And Horizontal Gene Transfer, Between Species Influence Genome Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe X\/Y Sex Chromosomes Provide An Example Of Evolutionary Genomic Research At The Chromosomal Level.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenome Sequences Can Be Used To Study The History Of Non-Coding DNA.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20. Evolutionary Developmental Biology.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges In Development, And The Genes Controlling Development, Underlie Morphological Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Theory Of Recapitulation Is A Classic Idea (Largely Discredited) About The Relation Between Development And Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumans May Have Evolved From Ancestral Apes By Changes In Regulatory Genes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany Genes That Regulate Development Have Been Identified Recently.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModern Developmental Genetic Discoveries Have Challenged And Clarified The Meaning On Homology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hox Gene Complex Has Expanded At Two Points In The Evolution Of Animals.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges In The Embryonic Expression Of Genes Are Associated With Evolutionary Changes In Morphology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution Of Genetic Switches Enables Evolutionary Innovation, Making The System More “Evolvable”.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21. Rates Of Evolution.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRates Of Evolution Can Be Expressed In “Darwins,” As Illustrated By A Study Of Horse Evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhy Do Evolutionary Rates Vary?.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Theory Of Punctuated Equilibrium Applies The Theory Of Allopatric Speciation To Predict The Pattern Of Change In The Fossil Record.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is The Evidence For Punctuated Equilibrium And For Phyletic Gradualism?.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolutionary Rates Can Be Measured For Non-Continuous Character Changes, As Illustrated By A Study Of “Living Fossil” Lungfish.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxonomic Data Can Be Used To Describe The Rate Of Evolution Of Higher Taxonomic Groups.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22. Coevolution.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoevolution Can Give Rise To Coadaptations Between Species.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoadaptation Suggests, But Is Not Conclusive Evidence Of, Coevolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsect–Plant Coevolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoevolutionary Relations Will Often Be Diffuse.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParasite–Host Coevolution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoevolution Can Proceed In An “Arms Race”.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Probability That A Species Will Go Extinct Is Approximately Independent Of How Long It Has Existed.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntagonistic Coevolution Can Have Various Forms, Including The Red Queen Mode.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth Biological And Physical Hypotheses Should Be Tested On Macroevolutionary Observations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23. Extinction And Radiation.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Number Of Species In A Taxon Increases Durings Phases Of Adaptive Radiation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauses And Consequences Of Extinctions Can Be Studied In The Fossil Record.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass Extinctions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistributions Of Extinction Rates May Fit A Power Law.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges In The Quality Of The Sedimentary Record Through Time Are Associated With Changes In The Observed Extinction Rate.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies Selection.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne Higher Taxon May Replace Another, Because Of Chance, Environmental Change, Or Competitive Replacement.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies Diversity May Have Increased Logistically Or Exponentially Since The Cambrian, Or It May Have Increased Little At All.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion: Biologists And Paleontologists Have Held A Range Of Views About The Importance Of Mass Extinctions In The History Of Life.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswers To Study And Review Questions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c\/p\u003e  This is one of the best and certainly the most complete and up-to-date evolutionary textbooks in the market. This book has undergone extensive and welcome upgrading in the successive editions, since I have seen the earlier editions. Though it is comprehensive, it is easily followable by the students. The author is well known in the field and that is a big plus point.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pedagogical aids are very good, with chapter opening outlines, summaries and questions, etc. The colour plates are very good, and the associated website is also quite useful. Hence, we are taking this valuable book as additional required reading.-V. Lakshminarayanan\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"...this book certainly provides a good solid and up-to-date foundation to the subject of Evolution and one that I think students will find easy to use.\" \u003ci\u003eNick Colegrave, University of Edinburgh, in Genetic Research, May 2004\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eMark Ridley\u003c\/b\u003e works in the Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK, and formerly worked at Emory University, Atlanta, and the University of Cambridge, UK. He has carried out research in several areas of evolutionary biology, particularly in sexual selection and the comparative method.  Mark Ridley’s \u003ci\u003eEvolution\u003c\/i\u003e has become the premier undergraduate text in the study of evolution. Readable and stimulating, yet well balanced and in-depth, this text tells the story of evolution, from the history of the study to the most recent developments in evolutionary theory.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe third edition of this successful textbook features updates and extensive new coverage. The sections on adaptation and diversity have been reorganized for improved clarity and flow, and a completely updated section on the evolution of sex and the inclusion of more plant examples have all helped to shape this new edition. \u003ci\u003eEvolution\u003c\/i\u003e also features strong, balanced coverage of population genetics, and scores of new applied plant and animal examples make this edition even more accessible and engaging.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989178761445,"sku":"NP9781405103459","price":111.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781405103459.jpg?v=1761783107","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/evolution-isbn-9781405103459","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}