Electrokinetic Chromatography

This book offers a thorough theoretical description of the method, an overview on the current status of the various forms of electrokinetic capillary chromatography, plus a look forward into future developments.

• Focuses on the technique of electrokinetic capillary chromatography and its applications in various areas, including pharmaceutical, industrial, environmental, and biological chemistry
• Features invaluable information put together from experienced researchers in the area
• First book to discuss this technique in detail
• Covers a topic that is part of the exploding field of hyphenated techniques
• Selected international contributors working in research in this area

List of Contributors vii

Preface xi

Part I: Separation Principles 1

1 Theory of Electrokinetic Chromatography 3
Ute Pyell

2 Determination of Critical Micelle Concentrations by Capillary Electrokinetic Techniques 33
Thomas Le Saux, Anne Varenne and Pierre Gareil

3 Selectivity Characterization of Pseudostationary Phases Using the Solvation Parameter Model 55
Colin F. Poole

4 General Aspects of Resolution Optimization with Micellar Pseudostationary Phases 79
li Jia and Shigeru Terabe

5 Optimization of the Separation Conditions in Electrokinetic Chromatography: Experimental Designs, Modelling and Validation 95
Olga Jiménez and Maria Luisa Marina

6 Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography 115
Alex Marsh, Kevin Altria and Brian Clark

7 Polymeric Pseudostationary Phases and Dendrimers 137
Christopher P. Palmer

8 Pseudostationary Ion-exchange Phases 153
Philip J. Zakaria and Paul R. Haddad

9 Principles of Enantiomer Separations in Electrokinetic Chromatography 179
Bezhan Chankvetadze

10 On-line Sample Enrichment in Electrokinetic Chromatography 207
Joselito P. Quirino

Part II: Instrumentation 233

11 General Aspects of Instrumentation 235
Jan Fischer and Pavel Jandera

12 Laser-induced Fluorescence Detection: A Summary 263
Christophe Bayle, Véréna Poinsot, Clara Fournier-Noël and François Couderc

13 Amperometric Detection 281
Frank-Michael Matysik

14 Photothermal Detection 289
Werner Faubel, Stefan Heissler and Ute Pyell

15 Coupling of Electrokinetic Chromatography to Mass Spectrometry 307
Roelof Mol, Gerhardus J. de Jong and Govert W. Somsen

16 Electrokinetic Chromatography on Microfluidic Devices 337
Ómar Gústafsson and Jörg P. Kutter

Part III: Applications 351

17 Electromigration Separation Techniques in Pharmaceutical Analysis 353
Jean-Luc Veuthey, Laurent Geiser and Serge Rudaz

18 Analysis of Body Fluids by Electrokinetic Chromatographic Techniques 373
Ll. Puignou, R. Busquets and M.T. Galceran

19 Application of Electrokinetic Chromatography to Food and Beverages 423
Mary Boyce

20 Application of Enantioselective Electrokinetic Chromatography 459
Bezhan Chankvetadze

21 Environmental Analysis 475
Ana Carolina O. Costa, Gustavo A. Micke, Elisabete A. Pereira, Clóvis L. Silva and Marina F.M. Tavares

Index 529

"…an excellent reference for those chemists who follow developments in the area of small molecule separations or…separations in EKC." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, January 31, 2007) Dr Ute Pyell received his PhD in Analytical Chemistry in 1991. He is an active member in the Analytical Division of the German Chemical Society (GDCh), the Separation Sciences Group of the Analytical Division of the GDCh and an active member in the Working Group Education and Training of the EURACHEM/D. In the last two decades electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) which can be regarded as an interface between electrophoresis and chromatography has matured into a powerful analytical separation technique with a very large spectrum of applications. This book is designed to be a guide to the large, rapidly growing and diverse field of EKC for a broad audience; those new to EKC, those more experienced, those interested in method development including instrumental developments and those involved with applications research in various fields.

The book aims to bring together a thorough theoretical description of methodological aspects, an overview on the current status of the various forms of EKC, and current and emerging applications, as well as looking forward to future developments. This book should be of interest for all those who need a high-efficiency separation technique with easily adaptable selectivity having the additional features of low sample volume requirements, short run times and high versatility.

The volume is composed of twenty-one chapters organized into three major sections.

(i) Separation Principles including an introduction to the terminology, a review of electrokinetic methods to investigate the micelle-formation process, an introduction into the fundamentals of the solvation parameter model for the (selectivity) characterisation of separation carriers, a general guide to method development and resolution optimisation with micellar pseudostationary phases, an introduction to concepts for computer-based rapid method optimization, and reviews on various forms of EKC including microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC), EKC with polymeric pseudostationary phases and dendrimers, EKC with pseudostationary ion-exchange phases and enantioselective EKC. The section closes with a discussion on techniques employed for on-line sample enrichment in combination with EKC

(ii) Instrumentation including the use of coated capillaries, reviews of different detection methods (laser-induced fluorescence detection, amperometric detection, photothermal detection and mass spectrometric detection) having high potential as sensitive and/or selective detection techniques for EKC and concluding with a review of the implementation of EKC on microfluidic devices

(iii) Applications of EKC in the fields of pharmaceutical analysis, the analysis of body fluids, food analysis, enantioselective analysis and environmental analysis.

With this structure the book intends to illuminate many facets of this relatively young member in the family of separation methods, bringing together expert knowledge from various directions which will not only help the novice to estimate how EKC might help in solving analytical tasks, but also assist the more experienced user in broadening and deepening their knowledge of this technique which has already found its way into routine laboratories