{"product_id":"earth-system-geophysics-isbn-9781119627951","title":"Earth System Geophysics","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA textbook that approaches geophysics from an Earth System Science perspective\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeophysics helps us understand how our planet works by connecting complex real-world phenomena with fundamental physical laws. It provides the tools, both conceptual and quantitative, for understanding interactions between the different components of the Earth System: the solid earth, oceans, atmosphere, and biosphere.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEarth System Geophysics\u003c\/i\u003e is a comprehensive textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in the Earth sciences that uses Earth System Science as the framework for learning about geophysics.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout this volume:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003ePresents convection as the underlying paradigm that drives the Earth System\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eUses math and physics in an accessible way to understand processes on and within the Earth\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFrames natural processes and events in terms of cause and effect\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eBuilds gradually from basic to advanced concepts and equations\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDevelops quantitative skills through applied examples\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHeavily referenced, allowing students to pursue topics in greater depth\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eRelevant for students from across the physical sciences and engineering\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I An Earth System Science Framework\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 The Birth of the Earth 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0 Motivation 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The Formation of the Solar System 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Overview: Contrasting Theories Versus Solar System Basics 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 A Monistic Description of Solar System Formation 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Properties of the Solar System 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 The Spacing of the Planetary Orbits 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Moment of Inertia: A Diagnostic Tool for Planetary Interiors 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 A Brief Description of the Properties of Planets and Moons 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Life in the Solar System, and Beyond 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 The Search for Planets 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Evidence for Life in the Universe 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Evidence for Life in Our Solar System 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere 71\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0 Motivation 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 The Differentiation of the Earth 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 A Core by Condensation? 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 An Act of Differentiation Created the Core 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Consequences of Core Formation 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Faint Young Sun 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 The Young Sun’s Changing Luminosity Was Inevitable 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 A Paradox, and Its Resolution 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 The Urey Cycle 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Constraints on the Evolution of Atmospheric CO 2 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Levels of CO 2 Were (Relatively) Low During Ice House Climates 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Other Approaches, and a Synthesis 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 The Development of an Oxygen Atmosphere 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 A Mostly Geology-Based Chronology of the Rise of Oxygen on Earth 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Oxygen and Evolution: An Overview 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Oxygen Chronology: A Synthesis 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Climate System and the Future of Earth’s Atmosphere 119\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0 Motivation 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Climate System 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 The Circulation of the Atmosphere 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 The Sun Is the Ultimate Driving Force 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Basic Concepts Underlying Atmospheric Circulation 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Global Atmospheric Circulation on a Nonrotating Earth 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.4 Global Atmospheric Circulation on the Rotating Earth 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.5 Complications of the Three-Cell Model 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.6 Implications of the Three-Cell Model for Climate and Regional Circulation 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.7 A Brief Jovian Perspective 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.8 Jet Streams in the Atmosphere 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.9 Hurricanes 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The Circulation of the Oceans 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Thermohaline Convection 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Wind-Driven Circulation 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 The Wind-Driven Oceans Move Heat, Too 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: A Coupled Atmosphere—Ocean Phenomenon 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 El Niño 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Southern Oscillation 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 The Mechanism of a Strong ENSO Event 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 The Mechanism of a Weak ENSO Event 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 The Return to Normalcy 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 There’s an Even Bigger Picture 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Immediate Future of Our Atmosphere 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Preliminary Comments 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Solar Variability on Human Timescales 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Sunspot Cycles 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 A Connection Between Sunspots and a Dramatic Change in Earth’s Climate? 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 A Few Final Comments on Sunspots 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Anthropogenic Variations in Climate by the Emission of Greenhouse Gases 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Increases in Greenhouse Gas Abundances 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Direct and Indirect Impacts on Climate Expected From an Increase in Greenhouse Gas Abundances 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Tempered Expectations: Complications in How These Consequences Play Out 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Anthropogenic Variations in Climate: Evidence Concerning Direct Consequences (—If You Insist) 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5 Anthropogenic Variations in Climate: Evidence Concerning Indirect Consequences 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.6 Anthropogenic Climate Change: Some Final Thoughts 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Geophysical Perspective: The Rest of This Textbook 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II a Planet Driven by Convection\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Basics of Gravity and the Shape of the Earth 227\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0 Motivation 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 The Nature of Gravity 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Simple Expressions of the Law of Gravitation 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Newton’s Second Law and the Gravity Field 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Cause and Effect, Mass and Weight 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Earth’s Gravity Field, and the Answer to a Really Fundamental Question 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Weighing the Earth 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 The Gravity Field of a Three-Dimensional Earth 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 A Guiding Principle 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 More Consequences of Gravity Being an Inverse-Square Law Force 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Revisiting Newton’s Law of Gravitation, With Superposition 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 The Shape of the Earth, and Variations of Gravity With Latitude 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 A Motivation to Get Complicated 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 The Earth Is Not Spherical 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Earth’s Rotation Is the Cause 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 A Thorough Description of Centrifugal Force 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 Gravity Versus Centrifugal Force on a Rotating Earth 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.6 Indirect Effects of Centrifugal Force on Gravity, and the Idealized Earth 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Kepler’s Laws 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Gravity and Isostasy in the Earth System 269\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 Motivation 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Exploring the Earth System with Gravity 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Scaling Down for Gravity Exploration 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 The Reduction of Gravity Data 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 An Application to the Earth System 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 Gravity Data Measured on a Moving Platform 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Isostasy and the Earth System 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Bouguer’s Discovery and the Principle of Isostasy 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Mechanisms to Achieve Isostatic Balance 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 The Moho and Other Evidence of Airy Isostasy 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Airy Isostasy and the Oceanic Response to Atmospheric Pressure Fluctuations 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 A Third Mechanism for Achieving Isostatic Compensation 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 Isostatic Response to Surface Loads in the Earth System: Anomalous Regions 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.7 Isostatic Response to Surface Loads: Implications for Mantle Rheology 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.8 Global Constraints on Mantle Viscosity 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Orbital Perspectives on Gravity 329\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0 Motivation 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Tides 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Ebbs and Flows 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Tidal Forces 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 The Response of the Oceans to Tidal Forces 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 The Response of the Solid Earth to Tidal Forces 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Precession of the Equinoxes and Orbital Effects on Climate 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Precession 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Precession, the Core, and the Geomagnetic Field of the Earth 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Precession Can Affect the Earth’s Climate 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Milankovitch and Mars 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Satellite Geodesy 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Satellite Orbital Precession 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 The Geoid and Satellite Altimetry 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Geoid Versus Spheroid, and Geoidal Heights 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 More Perspectives on Global Gravity and the Global Geoid 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Tidal Friction 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Another Way of Looking at Tides 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 The Solid Earth Will End Up in the Middle of It All, and Suffer Greatly 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Tidal Friction Also Affects the Moon’s Orbit 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Tidal Friction Has Consequences for the Earth System 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Tidal Friction Without Oceans, and Astronomical Implications 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.6 Theories of the Origin of the Moon 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Basics of Seismology 409\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0 Motivation 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Stress and Strain 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Stress 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Stress: A Rigorous Description 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Strain 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Strain: A Rigorous Description 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Relations Between Stress and Strain in Elastic and Nonelastic Materials 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Ideal Models of Different Materials 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Material Properties of an Elastic Medium: Elastic Parameters 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Elastic Waves 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Descriptions of Waves 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Elastic Waves: The Wave Equation 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Elastic Waves: Reflection and Refraction 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Surface Waves and Free Oscillations 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Surface Waves 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Free Oscillations 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Seismic Waves and Exploration of the Shallow Earth 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Refraction Surveys; or, First Arrivals on a Flat Earth 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Refraction Surveys: An Illustration With Possible Hydrogeological Implications 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Refraction Surveys: Thoughts About Multilayered Situations 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Seismic Waves and Exploration of the Whole Earth: Preliminaries 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Travel Times: Lateral Homogeneity Within the Earth 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Travel Times: Locating Earthquakes 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Travel Times: Identifying Phases on a Seismogram 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Seismology and the Interior of the Earth 491\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0 Motivation 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Seismology and the Dynamic Earth 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Defining Plate Tectonics 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Quantifying Plate Motions 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Plate Motions Through the Ages 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4 A Last Look at Plates and Plate Motions 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.5 Travel Times and the Interior of the Earth 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Seismology and the Large-Scale Structure of the Earth 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Travel Times: The Shadow Zone and the Core 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Travel Times: Determining Seismic Velocities Within the Earth 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Seismic Velocities and the State of Earth’s Interior 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Birch’s Rule 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 The Adams-Williamson Equations 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Seismic Tomography 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Using Earth Models to Learn About the Composition of the Interior 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Equations of State 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 High-Pressure Experiments 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Heat From Earth’s Interior 597\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0 Motivation 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Measuring Heat Flow 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Basic Ideas and Practical Challenges 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Heat Flow Data 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Strengthening Our Theoretical Foundation of Heat Flow: An Introduction to Del 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Heat Sources 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Radioactivity 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Gravitational Energy, Part One 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Heat of Compression 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Gravitational Energy, Part Two 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Moon-Forming Impact 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6 Tidal Friction 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.7 Another Look at Radioactivity 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.8 Growth of the Inner Core 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.9 Some Reflections, and What Must Come Next 619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Transmission of Heat in Solids 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Conduction Plus Conservation Equals Diffusion 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 The Nature of Diffusion 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Some Solutions to the Diffusion Equation 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Learning From Failure: A Deeper Look Into Heat Flow by Conduction 630\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Transmission of Heat in Fluids 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Fluid Stability 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 How Convection Works in a Fluid 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Heat Transmission in a Convecting Fluid 649\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Horizontal Convection 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Temperatures Within a Convecting Fluid; Fluid Versus Solid-State Convection 658\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 More on Surface Heat Flow in the Earth System 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Geothermal Heat and the Thermohaline Circulation 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Subsurface Temperature Variations and Climate Change 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Geomagnetism and the Dynamics of the Core 677\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0 Motivation 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 The Earth’s Magnetic Field 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Dipole Fields 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 An ‘Elemental’ Description of Magnetic Fields, with Reference to the Earth 680\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Magnetic Fields: An Overview of the Earth System 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Global Descriptions of the Internal Field 707\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Satellite Missions Dedicated to Observing Earth’s Magnetic Fields 708\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Spherical Harmonics, Once Again 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Back to the Surface: A Closer Look at the Crustal (and Geomagnetic) Fields 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Snapshots in Time of the Geomagnetic Field 726\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Current and Recent Snapshots 726\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Snapshots Further Back in Time 743\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Generation of the Geomagnetic Field 755\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Preliminary Assessments 755\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Fields Weaken, Fields Strengthen 758\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Examples of Simple Dynamos 765\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Inescapable Wisdom From Unavoidable Equations 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 Dynamo Flow in a Taylor-Proudman World 776\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.6 Some Final Thoughts 788\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 791\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 891\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSteven R. Dickman,\u003c\/b\u003e Binghamton University, USA  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA textbook that approaches geophysics from an Earth System Science perspective\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeophysics helps us understand how our planet works by connecting complex real-world phenomena with fundamental physical laws. It provides the tools, both conceptual and quantitative, for understanding interactions between the different components of the Earth System: the solid earth, oceans, atmosphere, and biosphere.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEarth System Geophysics\u003c\/i\u003e is a comprehensive textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in the Earth sciences that uses Earth System Science as the framework for learning about geophysics.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout this volume:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003ePresents convection as the underlying paradigm that drives the Earth System\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eUses math and physics in an accessible way to understand processes on and within the Earth\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFrames natural processes and events in terms of cause and effect\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eBuilds gradually from basic to advanced concepts and equations\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDevelops quantitative skills through applied examples\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHeavily referenced, allowing students to pursue topics in greater depth\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eRelevant for students from across the physical sciences and engineering\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"American Geophysical Union","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989096775909,"sku":"NP9781119627951","price":86.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119627951.jpg?v=1761782781","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/earth-system-geophysics-isbn-9781119627951","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}