{"product_id":"discovering-physical-geography-isbn-9781119398851","title":"Discovering Physical Geography","description":"\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eWith Wiley’s Enhanced E-Text, you get all the benefits of a downloadable, reflowable eBook with added resources to make your study time more effective, including:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e• Visual Concept Checks\u003cbr\u003e• Imbedded Glossary with clickable references \u0026amp; key words\u003cbr\u003e• Show \u0026amp; Hide Solutions with automatic feedback\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eArbogast’s\u003cb\u003e \u003ci\u003eDiscovering Physical Geography, 4th Edition\u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eprovides interactive questions that help readers comprehend important Earth processes. The Fourth Edition continues to place great emphasis on how relevant physical geography is to each reader’s life. With an enhanced focus on the interconnections between humans and their environment, this text includes increased coverage of population growth and its impact on the environment. Updated case studies are included, as well as new sections dealing with human interactions with solar energy, wind power, soils, and petroleum. This text is welcoming, taking readers on a tour of “discovery”, and delivers content that is sound and based on the most current scientific research. \u003cp\u003ePreface vii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Guide to the Features xii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction to Physical Geography 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Scope of Geography 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefining Physical Geography 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Earth’s Four Spheres 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganization of This Book 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploring Cause-and-Effect Relationships Holistically 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmphasis on Human Interactions with the Environment 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media Library: An Interactive Tool 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFocus on Geographical Literacy 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Geography is Interesting, Exciting, and Very Relevant to Your Life 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Stream Meandering 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Geographer’s Tools 11\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Geographic Grid 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatitude 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitude 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing the Geographic Grid 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Using the Geographic Grid 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions: The United States Public Land Survey 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaps—The Basic Tool of Geographers 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMap Projections 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMap Scale 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolines 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Using Maps 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Technology in Geography 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemote Sensing 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Positioning Systems 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic Information Systems 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Using a Geographic Information System 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEarth–Sun Geometry and the Seasons 36\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur Place in Space 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Shape of Earth 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Orbit Around the Sun 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Earth’s Rotation and Axial Tilt 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Seasons 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolstice and Equinox 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions: How We See Earth–Sun Geometry on Earth 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay and Night 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Orbital View and Earth as Viewed from the Sun 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeasonal Changes in Sun Position (Angle) and Length of Day 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Celestial Dome 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Sun Angle and Length of Day 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Earth–Sun Geometry and Ancient Humans 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Global Energy System 50\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Electromagnetic Spectrum and Solar Energy 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Electromagnetic Spectrum 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar Energy and the Solar Constant 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: The Electromagnetic Spectrum 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition of the Atmosphere 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant Gases 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable Gases 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticulates 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Flow of Solar Radiation on Earth 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat Transfer 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlow of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction of Solar Radiation and the Earth’s Surface 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: The Angle of Incidence 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Global Radiation Budget 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: The Global Energy Budget 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions: Solar Energy Production 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlobal Temperature Patterns 73\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLayered Structure of the Atmosphere 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Troposphere 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Stratosphere 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mesosphere 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Thermosphere 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface and Air Temperatures 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions: Calculating the Heat Index and Wind Chill 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge-Scale Geographic Factors That Influence Air Temperature 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal Factors That Influence Air Temperature 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Surface Temperature 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Annual Range of Surface Temperature (A Holistic Assessment) 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Maritime vs. Continental Effect 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Global Temperature Patterns 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions: Urban Heat Islands 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Temperature and Location 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eAtmospheric Pressure, Wind, and Global Circulation 90\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmospheric Pressure 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors That Influence Air Pressure 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring and Mapping Air Pressure 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmospheric Pressure Systems 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow-Pressure Systems 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh-Pressure Systems 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Direction of Airflow 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnequal Heating of Land Surfaces 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure Gradient Force 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Fluctuations in the Pressure Gradient 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoriolis Force 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrictional Forces 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: The Coriolis Force 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Pressure and Atmospheric Circulation 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTropical Circulation 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidlatitude Circulation 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Global Atmospheric Circulation 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolar Circulation 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeasonal Migration of Pressure Systems 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: The Asian Monsoon 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions: Harnessing Wind Energy 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Global Atmospheric Circulation and Water Vapor Movement 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal Wind Systems 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand–Sea Breezes 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopographic Winds 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOceanic Circulation 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGyres and Thermohaline Circulation 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEl Niño 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: El Niño 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eAtmospheric Moisture and Precipitation 119\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Properties of Water 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrogen Bonding 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Properties of Water and Its Physical States 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Latent Heat 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hydrosphere and the Hydrologic Cycle 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumidity 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum, Specific, and Relative Humidity 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDew-Point Temperature 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Atmospheric Humidity 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaporation 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdiabatic Processes 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Adiabatic Processes 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloud Formation and Classification 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloud Classification 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFog 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Precipitation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation Processes 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Orographic Processes 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Convectional Precipitation 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions: Recent Droughts in the U.S. 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eAir Masses and Cyclonic Weather Systems 147\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir Masses and Fronts 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir Masses 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFronts 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution and Character of Midlatitude Cyclones 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper Airflow and the 500-mb Pressure Surface 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction of Upper Airflow and Surface Airflow 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclogenesis 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Formation of a Midlatitude Cyclone 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThunderstorms 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution of Thunderstorms 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Migration of a Midlatitude Cyclone 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Formation of Thunderstorms 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere Thunderstorms 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTornadoes 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Tornadoes 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTropical Cyclones 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHurricanes 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions: Coping with Destructive Hurricanes 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Tracks of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlobal Climates and Global Climate Change 174\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate and the Factors That Affect It 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKöppen Climate Classification 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeography of Köppen Climates 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTropical (\u003ci\u003eA\u003c\/i\u003e) Climates 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArid and Semi-Arid (\u003ci\u003eB\u003c\/i\u003e) Climates 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Tropical Savanna Climate ( \u003ci\u003eAw\u003c\/i\u003e) 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesothermal (\u003ci\u003eC\u003c\/i\u003e) Climates 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrothermal (\u003ci\u003eD\u003c\/i\u003e) Climates 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Humid Subtropical Hot-Summer Climate (\u003ci\u003eCfa, Cwa\u003c\/i\u003e) 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Marine West-Coast Climates (\u003ci\u003eCfb, Cfc\u003c\/i\u003e) 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolar (\u003ci\u003eE\u003c\/i\u003e) Climates 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighland (\u003ci\u003eH\u003c\/i\u003e) Climates 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Global Climates 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Remote Sensing and Climate 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReconstructing Past Climates 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePollen Records 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree Ring Patterns 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIce Core Analysis 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauses of Past Climate Change 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Reconstructing Past Climates Using Oxygen Isotopes 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: The Milankovitch Theory 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions and Ongoing Climate Change 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Carbon Cycle 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIs Anthropogenic Climate Change Really Occurring? 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredicting Future Climate Change 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlant Geography 204\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcosystems and Biogeography 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Process of Photosynthesis 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Photosynthesis and Respiration 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Relationship of Climate and Vegetation: The Character and Distribution of Global Biomes 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForest Biomes 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrassland Biomes 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesert Biomes 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTundra Biome 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal and Regional Factors That Influence the Geographic Distribution of Vegetation 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlope and Aspect 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical Zonation 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant Succession 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Plant Succession 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRiparian Zones 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions: Human Influence on Vegetation Patterns 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeforestation 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture in the Midlatitude Grassland Biome 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Deforestation 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvergrazing 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Remote Sensing and the Biosphere 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Global Distribution and Character of Soils 229\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is Soil? 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Soil Properties 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil-Forming (Pedogenic) Processes 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil-Forming Factors 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurable Soil Characteristics 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Chemistry 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil pH 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColloids and Cation Exchange 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Profiles (Reading the Soil) 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Soil Colloids and pH 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime and Soil Evolution 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Science and Classification 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Soil Horizon Development 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Twelve Soil Orders 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: African Climate, Vegetation, and Soils 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Regional Pedogenic Processes 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: North American Climate, Vegetation, and Soils 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions with Soils 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEarth’s Internal Structure, Rock Cycle, and Geologic Time 265\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Inner Structure 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Major Layers 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRocks and Minerals in the Earth’s Crust 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgneous Rocks 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Identification of Igneous Environments 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedimentary Rocks 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Clastic Rocks 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Rock Cycle 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: The Rock Cycle 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeologic Time 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Geologic Time 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Telling” Geologic Time 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePutting Geologic Time in Perspective 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Holistic View of Geologic Time and the Rock Cycle: The Grand Canyon and the Spanish Peaks of Colorado 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions with Geologic Time: The Anthropocene 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eTectonic Processes and Landforms 289\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlate Tectonics 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Lithospheric Plates 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlate Movement 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Continental Drift 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Plate Movements 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassive Margins 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransform Plate Margins 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlate Divergence 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlate Convergence 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Folding 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Plate Tectonics 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarthquakes 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeismic Processes 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions: Earthquakes as Natural Hazards 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Types of Faults 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolcanoes 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExplosive Volcanoes 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluid Volcanoes 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHotspots 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Walk the Pacific Ring of Fire 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Volcanoes 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeathering and Mass Movement 324\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeathering 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Weathering 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Weathering 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions: Acid Rain 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Weathering 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass Wasting 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRockfall 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Creep 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandslides 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlows 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvalanches 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Weathering and Mass Movements 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroundwater and Karst Landscapes 340\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMovement and Storage of Groundwater 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions with Groundwater 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe High Plains Aquifer 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubsidence 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroundwater Contamination 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarst Landforms and Landscapes 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaves and Caverns 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarst Topography 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eFluvial Systems and Landforms 354\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverland Flow and Drainage Basins 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin of Streams 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrainage Basins 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrainage Patterns, Density, and Stream Ordering 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: The Rhine River 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydraulic Geometry and Channel Flow 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluctuations in Stream Discharge 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluvial Processes and Landforms 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eErosion and Deposition 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStream Gradation 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Bedload Transport and Braided Streams 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: The Graded Stream 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution of Stream Valleys and Floodplains 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Stream Meandering 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Fluvial Geomorphology and Stream Processes 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions with Streams 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrbanization 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtificial Levees 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDams and Reservoirs 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlacial Geomorphology: Processes and Landforms 387\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment of a Glacier 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Metamorphosis of Snow to Glacial Ice 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Glacial Mass Budget 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: The Glacial Mass Budget 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlacial Movement 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Glaciers 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlaciers in Mountainous Regions 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinental Glaciers 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Glaciers in the Cascade Mountains 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlacial Landforms 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandforms Made by Glacial Erosion 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposition of Glacial Drift and Resulting Landforms 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of Glaciation on Earth 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Depositional Glacial Landforms 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Wisconsin Glaciation and Evolution of the Great Lakes 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProbable Human Impact on Glaciers 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Glaciers and Climate Change 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeriglacial Processes and Landscapes 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermafrost 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGround Ice and Associated Landforms 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eArid Landscapes and Eolian Processes 414\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArid Landscapes 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesert Geomorphology 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEolian Erosion and Transport 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fluid Behavior of Wind, Erosion, and Sediment Transport 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEolian Deposition and Landforms 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAirflow and the Formation of Sand Dunes 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of Sand Dunes and Related Landforms 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposition of Windblown Dust 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Eolian Processes and Landforms 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions with Arid Landscapes and Eolian Processes 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesertification in the African Sahel 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesertification in the Great Plains of the United States: The Dust Bowl 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eCoastal Processes and Landforms 437\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOceans and Seas on Earth 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nature of Coastlines: Intersection of Earth’s Spheres 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcesses That Shape the Coastline 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Tides 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoastal Landforms 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eErosional Coastlines 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Waves and Coastal Erosion 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepositional Coastlines 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Longshore Processes and Depositional Coastlines 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Interactions with Coastlines 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoastal Engineering 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Climate Change and the Impact on Coastlines 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeo Media: Evolution of the Louisiana Coastline 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eRelevance of Physical Geography to Environmental Issues 465\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Short History of Human Population 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnological Development and Population Growth 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Impact of Growing Human Population on the Natural Environment 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase 1: Water Issues in the Arid American Southwest 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstablishing Water Rights 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWill Water Supplies Disappear? 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Drought-Prone Future? 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase 2: Soil Salinization in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAncient Sumeria 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Current Global Extent of Salinization 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe San Joaquin Valley in California 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Challenge of Sustainable Agriculture in Semi-Arid and Arid Regions 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase 3: Developing Unconventional Oil Supplies in North America 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOil Supply, Demand, and Geography 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloping Unconventional Sources of Oil 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential Environmental Consequences 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase 4: Giant Panda Conservation in China 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Wolong Nature Reserve 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Summary 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Key Concepts 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Your Understanding 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eALAN F. ARBOGAST\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor and Chairperson in the Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. He is an award]winning instructor at MSU where he teaches a variety of classes at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Most of these courses are related to physical geography, geomorphology, and human]environment interactions. Alan frequently teaches large lecture classes and is known as an enthusiastic instructor who uses innovative approaches. He has also taught extensively in Australia and New Zealand in association with MSU's study abroad program.","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47989073772773,"sku":"NP9781119398851","price":111.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119398851.jpg?v=1761782686","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/discovering-physical-geography-isbn-9781119398851","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}