{"product_id":"conservation-criminology-isbn-9781118935484","title":"Conservation Criminology","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis important new text introduces conservation criminology as the interdisciplinary study of environmental exploitation and risks at the intersection of human and natural systems. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the book enhances understanding of the various human and organizational behaviors that pose risks to the environment, humans, and drive conservation crime. As human population growth, global market economies, climate change, deforestation, and illegal exploitation of natural resources continue to increase, academic research from numerous disciplines is needed to address these challenges.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eConservation Criminology\u003c\/i\u003e promotes thinking about how unsustainable natural resources exploitation is a cause and a consequence of social conflict. Case studies profiled in the book demonstrate this cause and effect type situation, as well as innovative approaches for reducing risks to people and the environment. This text encourages readers to consider how humans behave in response to environmental risks and the various mechanisms that constitute effective and ineffective approaches to enforcement of wildlife crimes, including environmental and conservation policy. Case studies from the USA, Latin America, Africa, and Asia highlight corruption in conservation, global trade in electronic waste, illegal fishing, illegal logging, human-wildlife conflict, technology and space, water insecurity, wildlife disease, and wildlife poaching. Taken together, chapters expand the reader’s perspective and employ tools to understand and address environmental crimes and risks, and to provide novel empirical evidence for positive change.  With established contributors providing interdisciplinary and global perspectives, this book establishes a foundation for the emerging field of conservation criminology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes on Contributors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Global Risks, Conservation, and Criminology 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMeredith L. Gore\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Conservation Crimes Are a Global Problem 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Three Foundational Fields of Conservation Criminology 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Foundation 1: Natural Resource Management and Policy 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Different Values Underlie Natural Resource Management and Conservation 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 The Precautionary Principle and Prevention 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Community–Based Conservation 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Protected Areas 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Foundation 2: Criminology, Crime Science, and Criminal Justice 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Opportunity Structures of Crime 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Crime Prevention 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Criminological Typologies 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Foundation 3: Risk and Decision Science 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Risk Assessment and Perception 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Risk Communication 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Risk Governance 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Combining the Three Foundations: Conservation Criminology 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Strengths 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Shortcomings 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 How to “Do” Conservation Criminology 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Roadmap 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Conceptual Advancements in Conservation Criminology\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Conservation Crime Science 27\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJessica S. Kahler and Meredith L. Gore\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Exploitation of Natural Resources in a Globalized World 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Limits of Criminology for Conservation Practice 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Overcoming the Limits of Criminology with Crime Science 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 State of Knowledge: Conservation Criminology and Conservation Crime Science 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Describing the Literature 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Limitations 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Utility of Using Conservation Crime Science 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Setting Expectations for Conservation Crime Science 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Conclusion 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Deterrence, Legitimacy, and Wildlife Crime in Protected Areas 45\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWilliam D. Moreto and Jacinta M. Gau\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Wildlife Crime in Protected Areas 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Criminological and Criminal Justice Perspectives on Deterrence 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Theoretical Foundations 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Empirical Findings 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Limitations with Deterrence–based Approaches in Protected Areas 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Legitimacy and Its Role in Establishing Normative and Instrumental Forms of Compliance in Conservation 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Alternatives to Deterrence–Based Approaches 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Enhancing Legitimacy 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Future Considerations 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Case Studies and Examples\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Governance for Conservation Risks and Crime 61\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMark A. Axelrod, Austin Flowers, Katherine Groff, and Julia Novak Colwell\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Defining Governance 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 General Concepts of Governance for Conservation Risks 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Strict Enforcement by Official Authorities and Governments 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 International Movement of Electronic Waste 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Regulatory Efforts to Limit E–waste Trade 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 People–Centered Approaches Focused Local Livelihoods 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Limits to Enforcement Actions in Chiquibul National Park, Belize 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Limits of Alternative Livelihood Strategies 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Unintended Effects and Collateral Impacts of Conservation Governance 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Conclusion 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Gaining Compliance and Cooperation with Regulated Wildlife Harvest 77\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrent A. Rudolph and Shawn J. Riley\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Importance of Compliance and Cooperation 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 What Drives Violations of Natural Resource Regulations? 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Unintentional Violations 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Intentional Violations 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Violations Motivated by Direct Personal Gains 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Violations Motivated by Indirect Personal Gains 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Violations and Instrumental Judgments of Government Policy and Regulators 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Violations and Normative Influence 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 What Drives Cooperation? 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Considerations for Increasing Compliance and Cooperation 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.1 Applying Regulations to Influence Compliance 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.2 Applying Economic Instruments to Influence Compliance and Cooperation 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.3 Applying Communication to Influence Compliance and Cooperation 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.4 Communication to Influence Instrumental Judgments 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.5 Communication to Influence Behavior Through Norms 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.6 Communication to Influence Procedural Justice 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Conclusion 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Corruption and Organized Crime in Conservation 97\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAksel Sundström and Tanya Wyatt\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Connecting Corruption and Organized Crime to Conservation 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Defining Corruption and Organized Crime 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 The Role and Extent of Corruption and Organized Crime in Conservation Crime 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Why do Environmental Black Markets Exist? 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Case Study on Abalone Poaching 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 The Context of Bureaucratic Corruption and Presence of Criminal Groups 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 The Investigation 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Non–Corrupt Inspectors are Threatened 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Case Study on Illegal Trade in Russian Raptors 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 A Policy–Oriented Discussion of Solutions 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Supporting Non–Corrupt Officials That Receive Threats 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Complement Merit–Based Reforms with External Monitoring Mechanisms 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Public Awareness Campaigns May Help Decrease Demand for Illicit Goods 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 A Cooperative Network Approach to Combating Organized Crime 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusion 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Problem–Oriented Policing for Natural Resource Conservation 115\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMark C. G. Gibson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 What is Problem–Oriented Policing? 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 The Opportunity for POP in Natural Resource Management 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 A Case Study of Australian Commonwealth Fisheries Management 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 The Australian Fisheries Management Authority 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Scanning 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Analysis 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Response 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Assessment 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Adapting POP for More Effective Conservation 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Conclusion 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Exploring the Sociology of Wildlife Tourism, Global Risks, and Crime 133\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJessica Bell Rizzolo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Wildlife Tourism 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Types of Wildlife Tourism 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Benefits of Wildlife Tourism Link Biodiversity Conservation and Livelihood Preservation 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Risks Associated with Wildlife Tourism 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Conservation Criminology and Wildlife Tourism 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Natural Resources Management and Conservation Biology 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Risk and Decision Science 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Criminology 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Theoretical Insights on Wildlife Tourism from Sociology 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Wildlife Tourism and Power 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Authenticity as a Sociological Aspect of Tourism 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Elephant Tourism and Crime in Thailand 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Elephant Tourism in Thailand 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Wild Live Elephant Trafficking 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Illegal Ivory Trade 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Animal Welfare 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Elephant Tourism and Crime: Insights From Conservation Criminology and Sociological Theory 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusion 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Models and Innovations\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Technological Innovations Supporting Wildlife Crime Detection, Deterrence, and Enforcement 157\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHeidi Kretser, Emma Stokes, Serge Wich, David Foran, and Alexa Montefiore\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Challenges for Wildlife Crime Detection and Enforcement 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Technological Advances in Conservation 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Limitations of SMART Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Conservation Drones 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Limitations of Drone Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Mobile Device Applications 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Limitations of Mobile App Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conservation Forensics 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Limitations of Forensic Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Conclusion 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 PAWS: Game Theory Based Protection Assistant for Wildlife Security 179\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFei Fang, Benjamin Ford, Rong Yang, Milind Tambe, and Andrew M. Lemieux\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Applying Game Theoretic Analysis to Poaching 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Modeling Human Behavior to Create Optimal Patrol Strategies 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Domain Feature Modeling 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 The Genesis of PAWS from Synthesizing Conservation, Computer Science, and Criminology 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Describing the Poaching Domain to Create Patrols that Prevent Poaching 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 The PAWS Model 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 The Basis of Game–Theoretic Analysis in PAWS 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Modeling Human Behavior for PAWS 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Incorporating Learning into the Behavioral Model 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 PAWS–Learn 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Domain Feature Modeling 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Discussion 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Estimating Poaching Opportunity and Potential 197\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdrian Treves, Christine Browne-Nuñez, Jamie Hogberg, Jens Karlsson Frank, Lisa Naughton-Treves, Nicole Rust, and Zachary Voyles\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Understanding Attitudes and Behaviors of Realized and Potential Poachers 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Social Psychological Approaches for Understanding the Potential to Poach 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Case Study on Wolf Poaching 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Theoretical Approach and Sampling 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Methods 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Study Site 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Study Respondents 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 Survey Items 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.6 Inclination to Poach 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.7 Modeling Potential to Poach 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Results 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Potential to Poach 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Effects on Wolf Population 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Implications for Theory and Practice 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.4 Deer Hunters 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.5 Complainant Sample 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Theoretical Considerations on the Causes of Poaching 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e About the editor\u003cbr\u003e Meredith L. Gore is a conservation social scientist whose interdisciplinary research explores relationships between human behavior and the environment. She is an Associate Professor in the Department of Fisheries \u0026amp; Wildlife and School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University (MSU) and Jefferson Science Fellow with the US Department of State. Dr. Gore is a MSU Global Research Fellow and President of the Society for Conservation Biology's Social Science Working Group.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis important new text introduces conservation criminology as the interdisciplinary study of environmental exploitation and risks at the intersection of human and natural systems. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the book enhances understanding of the various human and organizational behaviors that pose risks to the environment, humans, and drive conservation crime. As human population growth, global market economies, climate change, deforestation, and illegal exploitation of natural resources continue to increase, academic research from numerous disciplines is needed to address these challenges.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eConservation Criminology promotes thinking about how unsustainable natural resources exploitation is a cause and a consequence of social conflict. Case studies profiled in the book demonstrate this cause and effect type situation, as well as innovative approaches for reducing risks to people and the environment. This text encourages readers to consider how humans behave in response to environmental risks and the various mechanisms that constitute effective and ineffective approaches to enforcement of wildlife crimes, including environmental and conservation policy. Case studies from the USA, Latin America, Africa, and Asia highlight corruption in conservation, global trade in electronic waste, illegal fishing, illegal logging, human-wildlife conflict, technology and space, water insecurity, wildlife disease, and wildlife poaching. Taken together, chapters expand the reader's perspective and employ tools to understand and address environmental crimes and risks, and to provide novel empirical evidence for positive change. With established contributors providing interdisciplinary and global perspectives, this book establishes a foundation for the emerging field of conservation criminology.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Blackwell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988976156901,"sku":"NP9781118935484","price":95.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781118935484.jpg?v=1761782280","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/conservation-criminology-isbn-9781118935484","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}