{"product_id":"chemistry-of-environmental-systems-isbn-9781119313403","title":"Chemistry of Environmental Systems","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA modern guide to environmental chemistry\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eChemistry of Environmental Systems: Fundamental Principles and Analytical Methods\u003c\/i\u003e offers a comprehensive and authoritative review of modern environmental chemistry, discussing the chemistry and interconnections between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere. Written by internationally recognized experts, the textbook explores the chemistries of the natural environmental systems and demonstrates how these chemical processes change when anthropogenic emissions are introduced into the whole earth system.  \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis important text:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eCombines the key areas of environmental chemistry needed to understand the sources, fates, and impacts of contaminants in the environment \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDescribes a range of environmental analytical methodologies \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplores the basic environmental effects of energy sources, including nuclear energy \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eEncourages a proactive approach to environmental chemistry, with a focus on preventing future environmental problems \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes study questions at the end of each chapter\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten for students of environmental chemistry, environmental science, environmental engineering, geoscience, earth and atmospheric sciences, \u003ci\u003eChemistry of Environmental Systems: Fundamental Principles and Analytical Methods\u003c\/i\u003e covers the key aspects and mechanisms of currently identified environmental issues, which can be used to address both current and future environmental problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Authors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplementary Material xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Environmental Chemistry 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 What is Environmental Chemistry? 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Anthropogenic Pollution 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 A Planet at Risk 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Energy, Water, and Population Connections 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 The Need to Understand Environmental Problems 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Atmosphere–Hydrosphere–Geosphere–Biosphere Linkages 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Atmospheric Composition and Basic Physics 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Evolution of the Atmosphere 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Structure and Composition of the Modern Atmosphere 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Atmospheric Circulation 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Energy Balance 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Milankovitch Cycles 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Planetary Albedo 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Greenhouse Gases 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Aerosols 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Global Climate Models 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Fundamentals of Photochemistry 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Light and Photochemistry 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The Laws of Photochemistry 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Thermochemical and Photochemical Processes 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Activation Energy 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Kinetics 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Photochemical Deactivation Processes 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Chemistry of the Stratosphere 75\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Structure and Composition of the Stratosphere 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 The Ozone Layer 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Ozone Formation in the Stratosphere 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 The Chapman Cycle 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Term Symbols 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 The HO\u003csub\u003ex \u003c\/sub\u003eand NO\u003csub\u003ex \u003c\/sub\u003eCycles 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Ozone Depletion 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Chlorofluorocarbons 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 The “Ozone Hole” 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Altitude Dependence 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Ozone-Depleting Substances 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Summary 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Chemistry of the Troposphere 103\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Structure and Composition of the Troposphere 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 History of Smog 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 The Clean Air Act 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Criteria Pollutants 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Non-Criteria Pollutants 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Formation of Ozone in the Troposphere 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 The Photostationary State 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 The Hydroxyl Radical 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Hydroxyl Radical Abstraction Reactions 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Hydroxyl Radical Addition Reactions 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Nitrate Radical and Ozone 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 The Peroxyacyl Nitrates 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Troposphere–Biosphere Interactions 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Aerosols and Cloud Chemistry 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Aerosol Size Distributions 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Aerosol Sources and Sinks 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Primary Aerosol Emissions 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Secondary Aerosol Formation 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Wet Deposition and Henry’s Law 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Dry Deposition 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Aerosol Lifetimes 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Determination of Aerosol Sources 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Aerosol Health Effects 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Aerosol Visibility and Climate Effects 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Aqueous Chemistry 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Analytical Methods for Air Analysis 171\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Sampling Methods 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Gas Species Measurement Methods 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 The Oxidants: Ozone, Hydroxyl Radical, Peroxyacyl Nitrates, Peroxides, and Peracids 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 The Oxides: Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Nitric Acid, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.1 Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Nitric Acid 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.2 Nitric Acid, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 The Organics: Volatile Organic Hydrocarbons, Aldehydes, Ketones, and Halogenated Hydrocarbons 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Aerosols 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Sample Collection 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Aerosol Composition 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Aerosol Optical Properties 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Method Selection 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 The Importance of Baseline Measurements 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Chemistry of Surface and Ground Waters 213\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 The Unique Properties of Water 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 The Hydrological Cycle 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Ocean Currents and Circulation 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 The Structure of Natural Aquatic Systems 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 The Oceans 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Freshwater Systems 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 The Composition of Natural Aquatic Systems 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Dissolved Oxygen 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Sulfur 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Carbon 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Water Pollution 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Point Sources 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Nonpoint Sources 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Contaminant Transformation 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Contaminant Transport 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Analytical Methods for Water Analysis 263\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Sampling Methods 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Dissolved Species 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Electrochemical Methods 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Spectroscopic Methods 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Chromatographic Methods 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Titration Methods 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Radiochemical Methods 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Particulates and Colloids 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Contaminant Issues 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Fossil and Biomass Fuels 305\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Combustion Chemistry 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Formation and Recovery of Fossil Fuels 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 The Formation of Fossil Fuels 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Coal Mining 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Oil and Gas Recovery 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Fossil Fuel Use 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Biomass Fuels 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Biomass Fuel Production 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Biomass Fuel Use 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Impacts on Water Quality 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Fossil Fuels 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Biomass Fuels 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Impacts on Air Quality 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Fossil Fuels 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Biomass Fuels 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Gasoline Additives: Lessons Learned 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Climate Change 355\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Prehistoric Climates 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Causes of Climate Change 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Global Warming Potentials 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Radiative Forcing 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Climate Models 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Predictions of Future Climate Change 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Impacts from the Predicted Temperature Rise 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Climate Effects on Air Quality and Health 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Mitigation and Adaption Strategies 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Nuclear Energy 391\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Radioactivity 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Radioactive Emissions and Decay Kinetics 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Sources of Radioisotopes 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Nuclear Fission 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Nuclear Weapons Testing and Fallout 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Nuclear Power 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Harnessing Nuclear Energy 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Uranium Production 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Nuclear Plant Designs 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4 Nuclear Waste 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Radioisotopes in the Environment 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Radiation Exposure 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Applications of Radioisotopes 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Future Energy Sources and Sustainability 433\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 The Need for Non-Fossil Energy Sources 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Alternative Energy Sources 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Wind Power 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Hydropower 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Geothermal Energy 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Solar Power 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5 Biomass 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.6 Hydrogen 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Sustainability 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Long-Term Planning 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Problems 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A Answers to Study Problems 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B List of U.S. EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants – Air Toxics 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix C Henry’s Law Constants (H\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e) for Selected Inorganic and Organic Compounds 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix D Organic Water Pollutants, their Chemical Structures, Sources, and Concentration Limits in U.S. Drinking Water 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix E Chemicals Used in the Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil Shales for Natural Gas Extraction 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 541\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEFFREY S. GAFFNEY, P\u003csmall\u003eH\u003c\/small\u003eD,\u003c\/b\u003e is Emeritus Chair and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. Before retiring after 10 years at UALR, he was a senior chemist at three of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Labs (Argonne, Brookhaven, and Los Alamos) for 31 years, and was the Lead Scientist for the DOE Atmospheric Science Program's Megacity Aerosol Experiment – Mexico City. He served as Chief Scientist and Mentor of the DOE Global Change Education Program. He is internationally known for his work in air and water chemistry and global change research. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNANCY A. MARLEY, P\u003csmall\u003eH\u003c\/small\u003eD,\u003c\/b\u003e is a retired Chemist from Argonne National Laboratory and past Research Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Technology at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock. She was a Head Mentor for the DOE Global Change Education Program and held positions as a Senior Chemist at the Florida State Department of Environmental Regulation and the Florida State Childhood Lead Poisoning Program.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChemistry of Environmental Systems: Fundamental Principles and Analytical Methods\u003c\/i\u003e offers a comprehensive and authoritative review of modern environmental chemistry, discussing the chemistry and interconnections between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere. Written by internationally recognized experts, this textbook explores the chemistries of the natural environmental systems and demonstrates how these chemical processes change when anthropogenic emissions are introduced into the whole earth system. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis important text: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eCombines the key areas of environmental chemistry needed to understand the sources, fates, and impacts of contaminants in the environment\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDescribes a range of environmental analytical methodologies\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExplores the basic environmental effects of energy sources, including nuclear energy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eEncourages a proactive approach to environmental chemistry, with a focus on preventing future environmental problems\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes study questions at the end of each chapter\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten for students of environmental chemistry, environmental science, environmental engineering, geoscience, earth and atmospheric sciences, \u003ci\u003eChemistry of Environmental Systems: Fundamental Principles and Analytical Methods\u003c\/i\u003e covers the key aspects and mechanisms of currently identified environmental issues, which can be used to address both current and future environmental problems.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988909736165,"sku":"NP9781119313403","price":87.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119313403.jpg?v=1761782014","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/chemistry-of-environmental-systems-isbn-9781119313403","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}