{"product_id":"chemical-process-retrofitting-and-revamping-isbn-9781119016335","title":"Chemical Process Retrofitting and Revamping","description":"The proposed book will be divided into three parts. The chapters in Part I provide an overview of certain aspect of process retrofitting. The focus of Part II is on computational techniques for solving process retrofit problems. Finally, Part III addresses  retrofit applications from diverse process industries. \u003cp\u003eSome chapters in the book are contributed by practitioners whereas others are from academia. Hence, the book includes both new developments from research and also practical considerations. Many chapters include examples with realistic data. All these feature make the book useful to industrial engineers, researchers and students.\u003c\/p\u003e List of Contributors xiii \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART I OVERVIEW\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eG.P. Rangaiah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Chemical Process Plants 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Process Retrofitting and Revamping 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Stages in Process Retrofitting\/Revamping Projects 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Conceptual Process Design for Process Retrofit\/Revamp Projects 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Research and Development in Process Retrofit\/Revamp 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Scope and Organization of this Book 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Conclusions 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Project Engineering and Management for Process Retrofitting and Revamping 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eC.C.S. Reddy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Key Differences between Revamp and Grassroots Designs 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Revamp Design Methodology 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Project\/Process Engineering and Management of Revamp Projects 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Revamp Objectives and Pre-Feasibility Study 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Conceptual Design (Pre-FEED) 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 FEED (Front End Engineering Design) 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Detailed Engineering, Procurement and Construction 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Project Completion 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Key Elements of Project Management 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Project Schedule 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Project Execution and Progress Monitoring 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Project Cost Control 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Risk Management 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.5 Final Project Deliverables 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Revamp Options for Process Equipment 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Conclusions 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Process Safety in Revamp Projects 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRaman Balajee and C.C.S. Reddy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Lessons from Past Process Safety Incidents 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Preliminary Hazard Review during Conceptual Design 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Risk Matrix for Qualitative Judgments 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 What-If and Process Safety Check Lists 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Plot Plan and Layout Review 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Area Classification Reviews 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Pressure Relief System Considerations 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Fire Safety for Revamp Projects 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Process Plant Hazard Review using HAZOP 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Tool 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Instrumented Protective System Design 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Fault Tree Analysis 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Event Tree Analysis 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6 Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.7 Safety Instrumented System (SIS) Life Cycle 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Revision of PSI and Operator Induction 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Pre-Start-up Safety Review (PSSR) 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Management of Change (MOC) 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Conclusions 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART II TECHNIQUES FOR RETROFITTING AND REVAMPING\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Mathematical Modeling, Simulation and Optimization for Process Design 99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eShivom Sharma and G.P. Rangaiah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Process Modeling and Model Solution 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Process Modeling 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Model Solution 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Model for Membrane Separation of a Gas Mixture 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Process Simulators and Aspen Custom Modeler 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Optimization Methods and Programs 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Interfacing a Process Simulator with Excel 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Application to Membrane Separation Process 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusions 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 4A: Implementation of Membrane Model in ACM 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 4B: Interfacing of Aspen Plus v8.4 with Excel 2013 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 4C: Interfacing of Aspen HYSYS v8.4 with Excel 2013 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Process Intensification in Process Retrofitting and Revamping 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eD.P. Rao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Retrofitting and Revamping 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Evolution of Chemical Industries and Process Intensification 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Flow Chemistry 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Methods of Process Intensification 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Intensification of Rates 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Process Integration 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Alternatives to Conventional Separators 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Rotating Packed Beds (HIGEE) 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 HIGEE with Split Packing 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Zigzag HIGEE 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Multi-rotor Zigzag HIGEE 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Applications of HIGEE for Retrofitting 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Podbielniak Centrifugal Extractor 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.7 Annular Centrifugal Extractor 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.8 Adsorbers 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Alternatives to Stirred Tank Reactor (STR) 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 HEX Reactor 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Advanced-flowTM Reactor (AFR) 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Agitated Cell Reactor (ACR) 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Oscillatory-flow Baffled Reactors (OBR) 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5 Spinning Disc Reactor (SDR) 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.6 Spinning Tube-in-tube Reactor (STTR) 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.7 Stator-rotor Spinning Disc Reactor (Stator-rotor SDR) 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.8 Reactor Selection 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.9 Microchannel Devices 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Process Integration 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Heat and Mass Integration 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Reactive Separations 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Hybrid Separation 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4 Conversion of Crosscurrent into Countercurrent Process 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.5 Process-specific Integration 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.6 In-line Processing 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.7 Twister® - A Supersonic Separator 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Fundamental Issues of PI 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Future of PI 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Conclusions 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 5A: Monographs, Reviews and Some Recent Papers 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Using Process Integration Technology to Retrofit Chemical Plants for Energy Conservation and Wastewater Minimization 167\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRussell F. Dunn and Jarrid Scott Ristau\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Heat Integration Networks 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Water Recycle Networks 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Graphical Design Tools for Retrofitting Process for Energy Conservation by Designing Heat Exchange Networks 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 The Temperature–Interval Diagram (TID) 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 The Heat Pinch Composite Curves (Temperature–Enthalpy Diagrams) 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 The Enthalpy-Mapping Diagram (EMD) 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Identifying Heat Integration Matches Using the TID and EMD 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Graphical Tools Facilitate HEN Design for Large-scale Industrial Problems 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Graphical Design Tools for Retrofitting Processes for Wastewater Reduction by Designing Water Recycle Networks 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 The Material Recycle Pinch Diagram 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 The Source–Sink Mapping Diagram 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Suggested Guidelines for Identifying Water Recycle Matches Using the Material Recycle Pinch Diagram and Source–Sink Mapping Diagrams 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Conclusions 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 6A: Illustrating the Water Recycle Network Design Guidelines 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Heat Exchanger Network Retrofitting: Alternative Solutions via Multi-objective Optimization for Industrial Implementation 193\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eB.K. Sreepathi and G.P. Rangaiah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Heat Exchanger Networks 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Structural Representation 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 HEN Improvements 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 MOO Method, HEN Model and Exchanger Reassignment Strategy 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Multi-objective Optimization 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 HEN Model 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Exchanger Reassignment Strategy (ERS) 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Case Study 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Results and Discussion 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Simple Retrofitting 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Moderate Retrofitting 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Complex Retrofitting 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Comparison and Discussion 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusions 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 7A: Calculation of Nodal Temperatures 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Review of Optimization Techniques for Retrofitting Batch Plants 223\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eCatherine Azzaro-Pantel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Batch Plant Typical Features 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Formulation of the Batch Plant Retrofit Problem 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Design versus Retrofitting Problem 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Design\/Retrofit Problems: A Four-Level Framework 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Methods and Tools for Retrofit Strategies 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 General Comments 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Key Approaches in Batch Plant Retrofitting: Deterministic vs Stochastic Methods 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 New Trends in Batch Plant Retrofitting: Steps for More Sustainable Processes 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusions 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART III RETROFITTING AND REVAMPING APPLICATIONS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Retrofit of Side Stream Columns to Dividing Wall Columns, with Case Studies of Industrial Applications 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMoonyong Lee, Le Quang Minh, Nguyen Van Duc Long, and Joonho Shin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Side Stream Column 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Side Stream Configuration 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Heuristic Rules for the Use of SSCs 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Pros and Cons of SSC 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Design of SSC 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Dividing Wall Column 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Introduction 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Design and Optimization of DWC 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Retrofit of an SSC to a DWC 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Introduction 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Design and Optimization of Retrofitted DWC 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Column Modification and Hardware 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Case Studies of Industrial Applications 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Acetic Acid Purification Column 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 n-BuOH Refining Column 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Other Case Studies 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Ethylene Dichloride (EDC) Purification Column 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Diphenyl Carbonate (DPC) Purification Column 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Other SSCs 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Conclusions 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Techno-economic Evaluation of Membrane Separation for Retrofitting Olefin\/Paraffin Fractionators in an Ethylene Plant 285\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eX.Z. Tan, S. Pandey, G.P. Rangaiah, and W. Niu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Olefin\/Paraffin Separation in an Ethylene Plant 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Membrane Model Development 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Membrane Modeling 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Assumptions for Membrane Separation Simulation 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Retrofitting a Distillation Column with a Membrane Unit 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 HMD Modeling and Simulation 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Techno-economic Feasibility of Retrofit Operation 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Formulation of Multi-objective–Optimization Problem 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Results and Discussion 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Case 1: HMD System for EF (Assuming Credit for Reboiler Duty) 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Case 2: HMD System for EF (Assuming Reboiler Duty as Cost) 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Case 3: HMD System for PF 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusions 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 10A: Membrane Model Validation 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 10B: Costing of HMD System 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Retrofit of Vacuum Systems in Process Industries 317\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eC.C.S. Reddy and G.P. Rangaiah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Vacuum-generation Methods 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Design Principles and Utility Requirements 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Suction Load of Vacuum System 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Steam Jet Ejectors 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Dry Vacuum Pumps 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Chilled-water Generation 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Optimization of Vacuum System Operating Cost 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Case Study 1: Retrofit of a Vacuum System in a Petroleum Refinery 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Analysis of the Results 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Case Study 2: Retrofit of a Surface Condenser of a Condensing Steam Turbine 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Conclusions 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Design, Retrofit and Revamp of Industrial Water Networks using Multi-objective Optimization Approach 347\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eShivom Sharma and G.P. Rangaiah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Mathematical Model of a Water Network 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Water Network in a Petroleum Refinery 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Multi-objective Optimization Problem Formulation 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Results and Discussion 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Water Network Design 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Retrofitting Selected Water Networks for Change in Environmental Regulations 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Retrofitting Selected Water Networks for Increase in Hydrocarbon Load 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Revamping Selected Water Networks for Change in Environmental Regulations 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.5 Revamping Selected Water Networks for Increase in Hydrocarbon Load 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.6 Comparison of Retrofitting and Revamping Solutions 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Conclusions 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Debottlenecking and Retrofitting of Chemical Pulp Refining Process for Paper Manufacturing – Application from Industrial Perspective 375\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAjit K. Ghosh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Fundamentals of Chemical Pulp Refining 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Refining Effects on Various Chemical Pulp Types 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Effects of Refining on Pulp and Paper Properties 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Theories of Chemical Pulp Refining 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Specific Edge Load Theory 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Specific Surface Load Theory 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Frequency and Intensity or Severity of Impact 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 The ‘C’ Factor 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Types of Commercial Refiners 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Laboratory and Pilot-scale Refining Investigation 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Case Studies of Retrofitting Refining Process for Paper Mills 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Case A: Retrofitting of Existing Refiners to Debottleneck Output of a Modern Paper Machine 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Case B: Retrofitting of Existing Refiners of a Paper Machine to Switch from ‘Flat’ to ‘Semi-extendable’ Sack Kraft Papers 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Conclusions 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 410\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cstrong\u003eGade Pandu Rangaiah\u003c\/strong\u003e, Department of Chemical \u0026amp; Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988906524901,"sku":"NP9781119016335","price":196.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119016335.jpg?v=1761782001","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/chemical-process-retrofitting-and-revamping-isbn-9781119016335","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}