{"product_id":"case-studies-in-modern-drug-discovery-and-development-isbn-9780470601815","title":"Case Studies in Modern Drug Discovery and Development","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLearn why some drug discovery and development efforts succeed . . . and others fail \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten by international experts in drug discovery and development, this book sets forth carefully researched and analyzed case studies of both successful and failed drug discovery and development efforts, enabling medicinal chemists and pharmaceutical scientists to learn from actual examples. Each case study focuses on a particular drug and therapeutic target, guiding readers through the drug discovery and development process, including drug design rationale, structure-activity relationships, pharmacology, drug metabolism, biology, and clinical studies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCase Studies in Modern Drug Discovery and Development\u003c\/i\u003e begins with an introductory chapter that puts into perspective the underlying issues facing the pharmaceutical industry and provides insight into future research opportunities. Next, there are fourteen detailed case studies, examining:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll phases of drug discovery and development from initial idea to commercialization\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome of today's most important and life-saving medications\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrugs designed for different therapeutic areas such as cardiovascular disease, infection, inflammation, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and allergies\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamples of prodrugs and inhaled drugs\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eReasons why certain drugs failed to advance to market despite major research investments\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach chapter ends with a list of references leading to the primary literature. There are also plenty of tables and illustrations to help readers fully understand key concepts, processes, and technologies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproving the success rate of the drug discovery and development process is paramount to the pharmaceutical industry. With this book as their guide, readers can learn from both successful and unsuccessful efforts in order to apply tested and proven science and technologies that increase the probability of success for new drug discovery and development projects.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 Introduction: Drug Discovery in Difficult Times 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMalcolm MacCoss\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 Discovery and Development of The DPP-4 Inhibitor Januvia\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003csup\u003e® \u003c\/sup\u003e(SITA-GLIPTIN) 10\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEmma R. Parmee, Ranabir SinhaRoy, Feng Xu, Jeffrey C. Givand, and Lawrence A. Rosen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 DPP-4 Inhibition as a Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: Identification of Key Determinants for Efficacy and Safety 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Incretin-Based Therapy for T2DM 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Biological Rationale: DPP-4 is a Key Regulator of Incretin Activity 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Injectable GLP-1 Mimetics for the Treatment of T2DM 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 DPP-4 Inhibition as Oral Incretin-Based Therapy for T2DM 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Investigation of DPP-4 Biology: Identification of Candidate Substrates 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Preclinical Toxicities of In-Licensed DPP-4 Inhibitors 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Correlation of Preclinical Toxicity with Off-Target Inhibition of Pro-Specific Dipeptidase Activity 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8 Identification of Pro-Specific Dipeptidases Differentially Inhibited by the Probiodrug Compounds 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.9 A Highly Selective DPP-4 Inhibitor is Safe and Well Tolerated in Preclinical Species 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.10 A Highly Selective DPP-4 Inhibitor Does Not Inhibit T-Cell Proliferation \u003ci\u003ein vitro\u003c\/i\u003e 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.11 DPP-4 Inhibitor Selectivity as a Key Parameter for Drug Development 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Medicinal Chemistry Program 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Lead Generation Approaches 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Cyclohexyl Glycine \u003ci\u003eα\u003c\/i\u003e-Amino Acid Series of DPP-4 Inhibitors 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Improving Selectivity of the\u003ci\u003eα\u003c\/i\u003e-Amino Acid Series 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Identification and Optimization of the \u003ci\u003eβ\u003c\/i\u003e-Amino Acid Series 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Synthetic and Manufacturing Routes to Sitagliptin 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Medicinal Chemistry Route to Sitagliptin and Early Modifications 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 An Asymmetric Hydrogenation Manufacturing Route to Sitagliptin 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 A “Greener” Manufacturing Route to Sitagliptin Employing Biocatalytic Transamination 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Drug Product Development 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Overview 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Composition Development 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Manufacturing Process Development 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Clinical Studies 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Preclinical PD Studies and Early Clinical Development of Sitagliptin 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Summary of Phase II\/III Clinical Trials 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Summary 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 Olmesartan Medoxomil: An Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker 45\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHiroaki Yanagisawa, Hiroyuki Koike, and Shin-ichiro Miura\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Background 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Introduction 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Prototype of Orally Active ARBs 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The Discovery of Olmesartan Medoxomil (Benicar) 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Lead Generation 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Lead Optimization 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Characteristics of Olmesartan 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Binding Sites of Omlersartan to the AT1 Receptor and Its Inverse Agonoist Activity 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Binding Sites of Olmesartan to the AT1 Receptor 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Inverse Agonist Activity of Olmesartan 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Molecular Model of the Interaction between Olmesartan and the AT1 Receptor 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Practical Preparation of Olmesartan Medoxomil 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Preclinical Studies 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 AT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c\/sub\u003e Receptor Blocking Action 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Inhibition of Ang II-Induced Vascular Contraction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Inhibition of the Pressor Response to Ang II 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Blood Pressure Lowering Effects 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5 Organ Protection 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Clinical Studies 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Antihypertensive Efficacy and Safety 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Organ Protection 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Conclusion 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 Discovery of Heterocyclic Phosphonic Acids as Novelampmimics That Are Potent and\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eSelective Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Inhibitors and Elicit Potent Glucose-Lowering Effects in\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eDiabetic Animals and Humans 67\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eQun Dang and Mark D. Erion\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 The Discovery of MB06322 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Research Operation Plan 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Discovery of Nonnucleotide AMP Mimics as FBPase Inhibitors 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Discovery of Benzimidazole Phosphonic Acids as FBPase Inhibitors 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Discovery of Thiazole Phosphonic Acids as Potent and Selective FBPase Inhibitors 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 The Discovery of MB06322 Through Prodrug Strategy 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Pharmacokinetic Studies of MB06322 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Synthetic Routes to MB06322 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Clinical Studies of MB06322 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Efficacy Study of Thiazole 12.6 in Rodent Models of T2DM 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Phase I\/II Clinical Studies 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Summary 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 Setting The Paradigm of Targeted Drugs for The Treatment of Cancer: Imatinib and Nilotinib, Therapies for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia 88\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul W. Manley and Jurg Zimmermann\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) and Early Treatment of the Disease 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Imatinib: A Treatment for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 The Need for New Inhibitorts of BCR-ABL1 and Development of Nilotinib 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusion 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 Amrubicin, A Completely Synthetic 9-Aminoanthracycline for Extensive-Disease Small-Cell\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eLung Cancer 103\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMitsuharu Hanada\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 The Discovery of Amrubicin: The First Completely Synthetic Anthracycline 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Toxicological Profile of Amrubicin 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 DNA Topoisomerase II Inhibition and Apoptosis Induction by Amrubicin 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Amrubicin Metabolism: The Discovery of Amrubicinol 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Amrubicinol Functions as an Active Metabolite of Amrubicin 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Tumor-Selective Metabolism of Amrubicin to Amrubicinol 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Improved Usage of Amrubicin 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Clinical Trials 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Clinical Trials of Amrubicin as First-line Therapy in Patients with ED-SCLC 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Clinical Trials of Amrubicin as Second-Line Therapy in Patients with ED-SCLC 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Conclusions 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 The Discovery of Dual IGF-1R and IR Inhibitor FQIT for the Treatment of Cancer 127\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMeizhong Jin, Elizabeth Buck, and Mark J. Mulvihill\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Biological Rational for Targeting the IGF-1R\/IR Pathway for Anti-Cancer Therapy 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Discovery of OSI-906 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Summary of OSI-906 Discovery 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 OSI-906 Clinical Aspects 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 OSI-906 Back Up Efforts 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 The Discovery of FQIT 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Lead Generation Strategy 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Small Molecule Dual IGF-1R\/IR Inhibitor Drug Discovery Cascade 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Initial Proof-of-Concept Compounds 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Synthesis of 5,7-Disubstituted Imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4] Triazines 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Lead Imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4] Triazine IGF-1R\/IR Inhibitors and Emergence of FQIT 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro\u003c\/i\u003e Profile of FQIT 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Cellular and Antiproliferative Effects as a Result of IGF-1R and IR Inhibition 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Cellular Potency in the Presence of Plasma Proteins 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro\u003c\/i\u003e Metabolism and CYP450 Profile 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Pharmacokinetic Properties of FQIT 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 formulation and Salt Study 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Pharmacokinetics Following Intravenous Administration 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Pharmacokinetics Following Oral Administration 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 \u003ci\u003eIn Vivo\u003c\/i\u003e Profile of FQIT 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 \u003ci\u003eIn Vivo\u003c\/i\u003e Pharmacodynamic and PK\/PD Correlation 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 \u003ci\u003eIn Vivo\u003c\/i\u003e Efficacy 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Safety Assessment and Selectivity Profile of FQIT 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 Effects on Blood Glucose and Insulin Levels 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.3 Ames, Rodent, and Nonrodent Toxicology Studies 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.4 Selectivity Profile of FQIT 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Summary 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 Discovery and Development of Montelukast (Singulair\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e) 154\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRobert N. Young\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Drug Development Strategies 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 LTD\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e Antagonist Program 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Lead Generation and Optimization 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eIn Vivo\u003c\/i\u003e Assays 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 The Discovery of Montelukast (Singulair\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e) 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 First-Generation Antagonists (Figure 8.3) 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Discovery of MK-571 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Discovery of MK-0679 (29) 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Discovery of Montelukast (L-706,631, MK-0476, Singulair\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e) 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Synthesis of Montelukast 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Medicinal Chemistry Synthesis 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Process Chemistry Synthesis [104, 105] (Schemes 8.5 and 8.6) 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 ADME Studies with MK-0476 (Montelukast) 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Safety Assessment of Montelukast 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Clinical Development of Montelukast 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 Human Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 Human Pharmacology 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.3 Phase 2 Studies in Asthma 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.4 Phase 3 Studies in Asthma 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.5 Effects of Montelukast on Inflammation 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.6 Montelukast and Allergic Rhinitis 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Summary 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.1 Impact on Society 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.2 Lessons Learned 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Personal Impact 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9 Discovery and Development of Maraviroc, A CCR5 Antagonist for the Treatment of HIV\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eInfection 196\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePatrick Dorr, Blanda Stammen, and Elna van der Ryst\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Background and Rationale 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The Discovery of Maraviroc 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 HTS and Biological Screening to Guide Medicinal Chemistry 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Hit Optimization 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Overcoming Binding to hERG 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Preclinical Studies 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Maraviroc 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Maraviroc Preclinical Pharmacology 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Preclinical Investigations into HIV Resistance 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Binding of Maraviroc to CCR5 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 The Synthesis of Maraviroc 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Nonclinical Safety and Toxicity Studies 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Safety Pharmacology 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Immuno- and Mechanistic Toxicity 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Clinical Development of Maraviroc 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Phase 1 Studies 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Phase 2a Studies 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Phase 2b\/3 Studies 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.4 Development of Resistance to CCR5 Antagonists \u003ci\u003eIn Vivo\u003c\/i\u003e 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Summary, Future Directions, and Challenges 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10 Discovery of Antimalarial Drug Artemisinin and Beyond 227\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWeiwei Mao, Yu Zhang, and Ao Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction: Natural Products in Drug Discovery 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Natural Product Drug Discovery in China 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Discovery of Artemisinin: Background, Structural Elucidation and Pharmacological Evaluation 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Background and Biological Rationale 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 The Discovery of Artemisinin through Nontraditional Drug Discovery Process 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Structural Determination of Artemisinin 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Pharmacological Evaluation and Clinical Trial Summary of Artemisinin 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 The Synthesis of Artemisinin 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Synthesis of Artemisinin using Photooxidation of Cyclic or Acyclic Enol Ether as the Key Step 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Synthesis of Artemisinin by Photooxidation of Dihydroarteannuic Acid 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Synthesis of Artemisinin by Ozonolysis of a Vinylsilane Intermediate 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 SAR Studies of Structural Derivatives of Artemisinin: The Discovery of Artemether 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 C-10-Derived Artemisinin Analogs 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 C-9 and C-9,10 Double Substituted Analogs 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 C-3 Substituted Analogs 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 C-6 or C-7 Substituted Derivatives 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.5 C-11-Substituted Analogs 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Development of Artemether 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Profile and Synthesis of Artemether 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Clinical Studies Aspects of Artemether 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusion and Perspective 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11 Discovery and Process Development of MK-4965, A Potent Nonnucleoside Reverse\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eTranscriptase Inhibitor 257\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYong-Li Zhong, Thomas J. Tucker, and Jingjun Yin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 The Discovery of MK-4965 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Background Information 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 SAR Studies Leading to the Discovery of MK-4965 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Preclinical and Clinical Studies of MK-4965 (19) 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Summary of Back-Up SAR Studies of MK-4965 Series 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Process Development of MK-4965 (19) 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Medicinal Chemistry Route 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Process Development 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Conclusion 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Lessons Learned from the Medicinal Chemistry Effort of MK-4965 Discovery 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Summary and Lessons Learned from the Process Development of MK-4965 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 12 Discovery of Boceprevir and Narlaprevir: The First and Second Generation of HCV NS3\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eProtease Inhibitors 296\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKevin X. Chen and F. George Njoroge\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 HCV NS3 Protease Inhibitors 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Research Operation Plan and Biological Assays 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Research Operation Plan 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Enzyme Assay 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Replicon Assay 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Measure of Selectivity 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Discovery of Boceprevir 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Initial Lead Generation Through Structure-Based Drug Design 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 SAR Studies Focusing on Truncation, Depeptization, and Macrocyclisation 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Individual Amino Acid Residue Modifications 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Correlations Between P1, P3, and P3 Capping: The Identification of Boceprevir 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Profile of Boceprevir 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro\u003c\/i\u003e Characterization of Boceprevir 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Pharmacokinetics of Boceprevir 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 The Interaction of Boceprevir with NS3 Protease 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Clinical Development and Approval of Boceprevir 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Synthesis of Boceprevir 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Discovery of Narlaprevir 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1 Criteria for the Back-up Program of Boceprevir 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.2 SAR Studies 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.3 Profile of Narlaprevir 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.4 Clinical Development Aspects of Narlaprevir 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.5 Synthesis of Narlaprevir 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Summary 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 13 The Discoveryofsamsca\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e (Tolvaptan): Thefirst Oral Nonpeptide Vasopressin Receptor\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eAntagonist 336\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKazumi Kondo and Yoshitaka Yamamura\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Background Information about the Disease 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Biological Rational 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Lead Generation Strategies: The Discovery of Mozavaptan 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Lead Optimization: From Mozavaptan to Tolvaptan 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Pharmacological Profiles of Tolvaptan 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Antagonistic Affinities of Tolvaptan for AVP Receptors 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Aquaretic Effect Following a Single Dose in Conscious Rats 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Drug Development 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Synthetic Route of Discovery and Commercial Synthesis [10a] 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Nonclinical Toxicology 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 Clinical Studies 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Summary Focusing on Lessons Learned 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 14 Silodosin (Urief\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e, Rapaflo\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e, Thrupas\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e, Urorec\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e, Silodix\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e): A Selective \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eα\u003csub\u003e1A\u003c\/sub\u003e Adrenoceptor\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eAntagonist for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 360\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMasaki Yoshida, Imao Mikoshiba, Katsuyoshi Akiyama, and Junzo Kudoh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Background Information 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 α\u003csub\u003e1\u003c\/sub\u003e-Adrenergic Receptors 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 The Discovery of Silodosin 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Medicinal Chemistry 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 The Synthesis of Silodosin (Discovery Route) 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Receptor Binding Studies 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Pharmacology of Silodosin 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Action Against Noradrenalin-Induced Contraction of Lower Urinary Tract Tissue 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Actions Against Phenylephrine-Induced Increase in Intraurethral Pressure and Blood Pressure 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Actions Against Intraurethral Pressure Increased by Stimulating Hypogastric Nerve and Blood Pressure in Dogs with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Safety Pharmacology 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Metabolism of Silodosin 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Pharmacokinetics of Silodosin 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Absorption 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Organ Distribution 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Excretion 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Toxicology of Silodosin 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Clinical Trials 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.1 Phase I Studies 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.2 Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.3 Long-Term Administration Study 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Summary: Key Lessons Learned 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 15 Raloxifene: A Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) 392\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJeffrey A. Dodge and Henry U. Bryant\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction: SERMs 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 The Benzothiophene Scaffold: A New Class of SERMs 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Assays for Biological Evaluation of Tissue Selectivity 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Benzothiophene Structure Activity 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 The Synthesis of Raloxifene 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 SERM Mechanism 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Raloxifene Pharmacology 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 Skeletal System 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2 Reproductive System—Uterus 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.3 Reproductive System—Mammary 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.4 General Safety Profile and Other Pharmacological Considerations 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Summary 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix I Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Development Paradigm 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix II Glossary 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix III Abbreviations 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 443\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e“This book will enrich the collection of medicinal chemists or pharmacologists involved in active drug discovery research, as well as students with a passion for pursuing a career in drug discovery.”  (\u003ci\u003eDoody’s\u003c\/i\u003e, 22 February 2013) \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"A well-made glossary is available in the appendix, which defines the dozens of terms that a medicinal chemist will encounter in his\/her career. . . This book demonstrates yet again the need for new, better medicines and the reasons for the high cost of drug research. An enjoyable read!.”  (\u003ci\u003eChemMedChem\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 January 2013)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eXianhai Huang, PhD\u003c\/b\u003e, is a Principal Scientist at Merck Research Laboratories. Dr. Huang is the inventor or co-inventor on more than forty patents and patent applications. As a mentor in the Schering-Plough chemistry postdoctoral program, Dr. Huang and his group discovered novel synthetic applications of (diacetoxyiodo) benzene and successfully applied the methodology to the total synthesis of psymberin, an antitumor natural product.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRobert G. Aslanian, PhD\u003c\/b\u003e, is an adjunct professor of chemistry at William Paterson University and was formerly a Senior Director of Medicinal Chemistry with the Schering-Plough Research Institute and Merck Research Laboratories. Dr. Aslanian has over twenty-five years of experience in the pharmaceutical industry. He is co-inventor on thirty-eight U.S. patents and coauthor on sixty-seven scientific articles and reviews.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLearn why some drug discovery and development efforts succeed . . . and others fail \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten by international experts in drug discovery and development, this book sets forth carefully researched and analyzed case studies of both successful and failed drug discovery and development efforts, enabling medicinal chemists and pharmaceutical scientists to learn from actual examples. Each case study focuses on a particular drug and therapeutic target, guiding readers through the drug discovery and development process, including drug design rationale, structure-activity relationships, pharmacology, drug metabolism, biology, and clinical studies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCase Studies in Modern Drug Discovery and Development\u003c\/i\u003e begins with an introductory chapter that puts into perspective the underlying issues facing the pharmaceutical industry and provides insight into future research opportunities. Next, there are fourteen detailed case studies, examining:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll phases of drug discovery and development from initial idea to commercialization\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome of today's most important and life-saving medications\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrugs designed for different therapeutic areas such as cardiovascular disease, infection, inflammation, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and allergies\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamples of prodrugs and inhaled drugs\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eReasons why certain drugs failed to advance to market despite major research investments\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach chapter ends with a list of references leading to the primary literature. There are also plenty of tables and illustrations to help readers fully understand key concepts, processes, and technologies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproving the success rate of the drug discovery and development process is paramount to the pharmaceutical industry. With this book as their guide, readers can learn from both successful and unsuccessful efforts in order to apply tested and proven science and technologies that increase the probability of success for new drug discovery and development projects.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988890140901,"sku":"NP9780470601815","price":160.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470601815.jpg?v=1761781937","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/case-studies-in-modern-drug-discovery-and-development-isbn-9780470601815","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}